Country in the City: Agricultural Functions of Protohistoric Urban Settlements

Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents
Introduction
	Raphaël Orgeolet
Elites and Farmers in Iberian Iron Age Cities(7th-2nd Centuries BC): Storage and Processing of Agricultural Products
	Guillem Pérez-Jordà, Natàlia Alonso
		Figure 1: Archaeological sites cited in the text: 1, Pech Mao; 2, Mas Castellar de Pontós; 3, Saus; 4, Emporion; 5, Illa d’en Reixac; 6, Ullastret; 7, Sant Esteve d’Olius; 8, Molí de l’Espigol; 9, Turó de ca n’Oliver; 10, Montjuic; 11, Turó de Font de la
		Figure 2: Evolution of the ubiquity rates of the crop types (si: number of sites; sa: number of samples): a, in the whole area of study; b.1, in sites to the south of the Ebro River; b.2, in sites to the North of the Ebro River.
		Figure 3: Tools and tillage in Iberian sites (modified from Bonet and Vives-Ferrándiz 2011).
		Figure 4: Distribution of sites with storage structures (information about the area north of the Ebro River provided by G. Prats).
		Figure 5: Percentage of grain, weeds and chaff plotted sample by sample as a triangular scatter diagram (data from Alonso et al. 2008; Canal and Buxó 2002; López 2008; Pérez 2013; Alonso and López, unpublished).
		Figure 6: Distribution of sites with production structures: rotary querns (only the well-dated examples as rotary querns are present on almost all Iron Age Iberian sites), rotary pushing mill podia, wine presses and oil mills.
		Figure 7: Two examples of sites with different types of production in the same building.
Are There Farmers in Lattara (Lattes, France) during the Iron Age?Plant Resources Acquirement and Management between the 5th and the 1st Centuries BC
	Natàlia Alonso, Núria Rovira
		Figure 1: Location of the ancient city port of Lattara (Lattes, Hérault, southern France) on the edge of the stagnum latera cited by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History (Reworked map from Jorda et al. 2008, Figure 3)
		Figure 2: Location of Lattara and the main archaeological sites found in its surroundings for the Iron Age period (Reworked map from Daveau et al. 2015: 110, Figure 20)
		Figure 3: Location and dating of the Quarters (‘îlot’) and wells (‘puits’) of Lattara with seeds and fruit analysis. Restitution extracted from the website ‘Lattes en Languedoc: Les Gaulois du Sud’ (www.lattara.culture.fr). Infographic: interactive LaForm
		Figure 4: Summary of the main economic plants identified in Lattara during the different centuries of occupation based on the absolute number of remains
		Figure 5: Evolution of the different categories of economic plants (cereals, pulses, cultivated fruit and other plants) attested in Lattara during the Iron Age phases based on the absolute number of remains
		Figure 6: Lattara is situated in a fluvial-lagoon environment between two branches of the coastal river Lez (Reworked map from Bagan et al. 2010, Figure 1)
		Figure 7: Archaeological traces of the vineyard of Port Ariane (Lattes, Hérault, France) dated to the 3rd-2nd c. BC (Picture: C. Jung, Inrap Méditerranée)
		Figure 8: Summary of the possible plant transport ways to the city of Lattara (Rovira and Alonso 2010)
		Figure 9: Chronological distribution of the main categories of tools associated (or that can be associated) with agricultural activities according to the number of items
		Figure 10: Spatial distribution of the billhooks/sickles and pickaxes found in Lattara during the whole occupation phases. The small inset top right present some exemples of these tools (Py 2009: 229)
		Figure 11: Possible plough beam made of wood, Quarter 1, -475/-450 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
		Figure 12: Burnt basketry possibly for winnowing, Quarter 27, -450/-425 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
		Figure 13: Cellar or granary showing several pits for storage vases, Quarter 31, -225/-200 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
		Figure 14: Burnt mud container with grape pips, Quarter 27, -450/-425 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
		Figure 15: Basis of an Etruscan amphora containing cereals (barley) burnt in a fire, Quarter 27, -500/-475 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
		Figure 16: Distribution of several archaeobotanical samples from Quarters 1 and 27 (5th c. BC) concerning their composition of grain, chaff and weeds (Alonso and Rovira 2010)
		Figure 17: Detail of several crushed grains of emmer showing the practice of dehusking (Picture: SRI Universitat de Lleida, Alonso and Rovira 2010)
		Figure 18: Examples of grinding stones from the Iron Age: back-and-forth (top) and rotary (bottom) (Pictures: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara/Py 2009: 217)
		Figure 19: Location of the wine pressing platform in the courtyard of a house of Quarter 27, -425/-400 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
		Figure 20: Spatial distribution of the few elements of wine/oil presses found in Lattara during the whole occupation levels. The small inset top right present a detail of the wine-pressing platform of Quarter 27 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
		Figure 21: Detail of hoof prints (several types of animals) between an alley (above) and a house (below), Quarter 1, -475/-450 (Picture: Equipe de Fouilles de Lattara)
The Neglected ‘Fields’ of Proto-Urban Living: 
A View from Bronze Age Crete
	Kostis S. Christakis
The Management of Agricultural Resources in the Minoan Town of Malia (Crete) from the Middle Bronze Age to the Early Late Bronze Age
	Maia Pomadère, Maria Emanuela Alberti, Sylvie Müller Celka
		Figure 1: Sherd density map of the urban area at Malia (S. Müller Celka, © EFA and Archéorient)
		Figure 2: Map of Protopalatial sites in the surveyed area
		Figure 3: Map of Neopalatial settlements on the surveyed area (S. Müller Celka, E. Régagnon)
		Figure 4: Area Pi, room 12 (EFA, C. Gaston)
		Figure 5a: Area Pi, vat in space 29: receptacle from an oil press? (EFA, M. Pomadère)
		Figure 5b: Oil press at Vathypetro, LM I (© Asta Adomaityte, http:// www.minoancrete.com/ vathypetro.htm)
		Figure 6: Area Pi, room 16 (EFA, C. Gaston)
		Figure 7: Distribution map of loomweights on the surveyed area (S. Müller Celka, E. Régagnon).
		Figure 8a: Batch of pyramidal loomweights, MM II, area Pi, space 22 (EFA, C. Gaston)
		Figure 8b:. Batch of discoid loomweights, LM IA, area Pi, room 16 (EFA, C. Gaston)
		Figure 9: Beehive n°1018.28, MM IIIB, area Pi (EFA, Drawing B. Konnemann)
		Figure 10: Compared storage capacities from Protopalatial and Neopalatial houses (M.E. Alberti). Non-domestic structures are not included (Hypostyle Crypt and Palace).
Akrotiri, Thera :Glimpses of the Countryside as Seen Through the Archaeological and Bioarchaeological Data. Whispers of a Dialogue
	Anaya Sarpaki
		Figure 1: Akrotiri: town plan of the excavated area (after Doumas 1992: 44). In dark grey are the areas where wall paintings were found.
		Figure 2: Palaeogeologic and palaeotopographic maps showing how Thera might have, possibly, been prior to the LBA eruption. (after Heiken, McCoy and Sheridan 1990 ).
		Figure 3: Map of Thera showing the following: a) The pre LBA island with its possible western and southern harbours (after  Pichler and Friedrich 1980.); b) the LBA sites located on the island of Thera; c) the possible extent of the area of the site of Ak
		Figure  4: West House, Room 5 (first floor), the miniature frieze, south wall (detail). It clearly portrays a town (right) and a ‘village’/mansion (left) separated by a river and on either side are two men, perhaps farmers-cum-shepherds ‘talking’ to each
		Figure 5: Akrotiri: Sampled area of the site, in order to work out the ratio of inhabited space (grey area) to open/public white areas (by the author).
		Figure 6: Akrotiri: Estimate of inhabited area in sq.m., based on sampling by the author.
		Figure 7: Akrotiri: Estimates of population size according to Naroll’s, Weissner’s and Sumner’s models, which were based on anthropological/ethnological observations.
		Figure 8: Thera: the LBA site of Balos (after Fouqué 1879).
		Figure 9: West House model (after Palyvou 2005:Figure56), view from north west.
		Figure 10: West House: large pottery vessels (pithoi) -over 65 cm. high-taken to have been used for storage (minimum number).
		Figure 11: West House plans (after Palyvou 2005:Figure57), looking east into the main staircase.
		Figure 12: West House: milling bench and reconstruction (after Moundrea-Agrafioti 2007:87).
		Figure 13: West House: Room 5 (first floor), miniature frieze, north wall: a well and two women carrying water in pottery vessels, on their heads. The round structure behind them is believed to have been a, possible, threshing floor. The position of a ter
		Figure 14: West House: Room 5 (first floor), miniature frieze, north wall: detail to the west of the well with cattle grazing near the coast, which could have indicated marshland (After Televantou, C.A. 1994. Ακρωτήρι Θήρας: οι τοιχογραφίες της Δυτικής Οι
		Figure 15: The only wine press installation found at Akrotiri, in area of the New Trenches 58B. A basket was found inside the basin which contained lime, possibly for disinfecting the vessel, as wine making requires an environment free of bacteria, otherw
		Figure 16: Alaphouzos site on the island of Therasia, where the oldest, so far, olive beam press has been discovered (after Fouqué 1879).
Feeding Knossos:Exploring Economic and Logistical Implications of Urbanism on Prehistoric Crete
	Todd Whitelaw
		Figure 1: Cretan farmers, 1948: walking time to most distant field, and to market (Allbaugh 1953: Tables A82, A101).
		Figure 2: Site size distributions: A. Cretan survey data (Moody 1987; Hope Simpson et al. 1995; Hayden 2004; Haggis 2005; Watrous 1982; Watrous et al. 2004; Watrous et al. 2012); B. Mainland Greek survey data (Cavanagh et al. 2002; Cosmopoulos 2001; Forsé
		Figure 3: Cretan Neopalatial site size histograms: A. Akrotiri (Moody 1987); B. Mesara (Hope Simpson et al. 1995; Watrous et al. 2005); C. Malia (Müller-Celka et al. 2014); D. Lasithi (Watrous 1982); E. Mirabello (Hayden 200; Haggis 2005; Watrous et al. 2
		Figure 4: Central Crete with Knossos, Malia and Phaistos, estimated minimum agricultural catchment sequences.
		Figure 5: Phases of documented use of principal Cretan palaces.
		Figure 6: Central Crete, a possible sequence for Knossian territorial expansion: A. EMIII-MMIA; B. MMIB-II; C. MMIIIA; D. MMIIIB; E. LMIA; F. LMIB..
		Figure 7: Central Crete, Neopalatial catchments and 5 km (c. 1 hour walking time) concentric circles.
		Figure 8: Knossos region, hierarchical provisioning from dependent sub-centres.
		Figure 9: Calculations and estimates of Neopalatial household storage capacities (Christakis 2008: Table 10).
		Figure 10: A. Knossos, Neopalatial site core; B. Malia, Protopalatial site core.
		Figure 11: Ayia Triadha, Neopalatial site core and estimated extent.
Beyond City and Country at Mycenae:Urban and Rural Practices in a Subsistence Landscape
	Lynne A. Kvapil, Jacqueline S. Meier, Gypsy C. Price, Kim S. Shelton
		Figure 1: Map of study area including sites mentioned in text. (Figure compiled by Price using QGIS software)
		Figure 2: Map of Mycenaean roads. (Figure compiled by Price using QGIS software)
		Figure 3: Transliteration of tablet MY Ge 605. (Adapted by Price and Kvapil from Melena and Olivier 1991)
		Figure 4: Transliteration of table MY Ge 603. (Adapted by Price and Kvapil from Melena and Olivier 1991)
Agricultural Self-Sufficiency and Mycenaean Kalamianos
 on the Saronic Gulf
	Daniel J. Pullen
		Figure 1: Kalamianos in the Northeast Peloponnese and Saronic Gulf. Map drawn by D. J. Pullen.
		Figure 2: Circuit walls and buildings documented at Kalamianos. Copyright Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project.
		Figure 3: Kalamianos town plan and harbor reconstruction of Late Bronze Age date. Copyright Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project.
		Figure 4: Bedrock fractures, fissures, and currently available water sources at Kalamianos. Copyright Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project.
		Figure 5: Areas without buildings or structures within the circuit walls at Kalamianos. Copyright Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project.
		Figure 6: Threshing floor of possible Mycenaean date at Kalamianos. Plan (above) and view to south (below). Copyright Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project.
		Figure 7: Quadrant of terraces within the circuit walls at Kalamianos. Copyright Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project.
		Figure 8: Activity areas identified in the hinterlands of Kalamianos through archaeological survey, with path via upland basins to Mycenae. Copyright Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project.
Farming Practice and Land Management at Knossos, Crete: 
New Insights from δ13C and δ15N Analysis of Neolithic and 
Bronze Age Crop Remains
	Erika K. Nitsch, Glynis Jones, Anaya Sarpaki, Mette Marie Hald, Amy Bogaard
		Figure : Δ13C values of wheats, barley and cereals at Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean sites. Data from Kouphovouno reported by Vaiglova et al. (2014). Data from Archontiko and Thessaloniki Toumba are from Nitsch et al. (2017). Dashed horizontal lines repr
		Figure 2: δ15N values of wheats, barley and cereals at Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean sites. Data from Kouphovouno reported by Vaiglova et al. (2014). Data from Archontiko and Thessaloniki Toumba are from Nitsch et al. (2017).
		Figure 3: A) Δ13C and δ15N values of crops from the Late Minoan II destruction of storeroom P of the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos, showing (B) subsamples grouped by associated pot (as described by Jones 1984). C) Δ13C and δ15N values from modern pulses g
		Figure 4: Comparison of twisted and straight barley grains from the same deposit. For each pair of twisted grain samples, the lines show the estimated 67% (solid) and 95% (dashed) range of expected Δ13C and δ15N values for the population of seeds grown un
		Figure 5: Probability density distribution of simulated standard deviations in δ15N values of four measurements of homogenized aliquots of 5 grains (A) or 10 grains (B) based on 1000 simulated 50/50 mixture of two different isotope ratios (differences ran
		Figure 6: Probability density distribution of simulated standard deviations of four δ15N measurements (A) and four δ13C measurements (B) of homogenized aliquots of 5 pulse seeds based on 1000 simulated 50/50 mixture of two different isotope ratios (differ
		Figure 7: Probability density distribution of simulated standard deviations in δ15N values of three measurements of homogenized aliquots of 10 grains based on 1000 simulated 50/50 mixture of two different isotope ratios (differences ranging from 0 to 6‰).
Economy and Storage Strategies at Troy
	Diane Thumm-Doğrayan, Peter Pavúk, Magda Pieniążek
		Figure 1: Troy with silted up plain and straits of Dardanelles. On the horizon islands of Gökceada (Imbros) and Samothrace behind it. Photo Hakan Öge
		Figure 2: Troy with the Lower Town. Distribution of Bronze Age ceramics collected in the survey. Jablonka, 2014: Abb. 26.
		Figure 3: Late Troy I/Troy IIa subterranean granary. Blegen et al. 1950: Figure 433.
		Figure 4: Troy VI Late/VIIa. Pithos pits in the periphery of the lower town, dug into bedrock. Troy Project slide 16518
		Figure 5: Troy VIIa. Pithos magazines next to the eastern part of the citadel wall. Blegen et al. 1958: Figure 338.
		Figure 6: Troy VIIa. Sketch of Wilhelm Dörpfeld showing pithos magazines VII ß and ɣ. Dörpfeld excavation daybook 1894: 24. DAI Athens
		Blegen et al. 1958: Figure 328.
		Figure 7: Troy VIIa. House 700 next to south gate with several installations for food processing.
		Figure 8: Troy VIIa. In situ pithos in Terrace House with vessel inside.
		Figure 9: Troy VIIb. House with cubicles of Troy VIIb. Troy Project slide 24701
		Figure 10: Late Troy VI/VIIa. Plain and decorated types of pithoi.Photo Thumm-Doḡrayan
		Figure 11: Troy VIIa. Magazine room with in situ pithoi of different appearance and size. Dörpfeld photo 462, DAI Athens
		Figure 12: Troy VI Late/VIIa. Pithos mended with lead clamps.Photo Thumm-Doḡrayan
		Figure 13: Possible location of clay sources for the production of Trojan pithoi. Map KibaroḡluAfter Kibaroğlu and Thumm-Doğrayan 2013: Figure 3.
		Figure 14: Map of LBA settlements (full circles) and silver and copper mines (empty circles) in the Troad. Map Pavúk
		Figure 15: Seal of ‘Mainland popular group’ found at Beşik-Tepe
The Country in and Around the City Looking Back and Forward
	Dominique Garcia
	Julien Zurbach
Back Cover