Counseling research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 14
  Research in Counseling......Page 24
  Getting Started in Research......Page 29
  Sampling......Page 33
  Research in Counseling......Page 35
 Chapter 3 Reviewing the Literature......Page 38
  Researching a Topic......Page 39
  Locating, Exploring, and Analyzing the Literature......Page 40
  Organizing and Presenting the Information......Page 45
 Chapter 4 Methodological Issues......Page 55
  Defining the Variables......Page 56
  Population Issues......Page 59
  Instrumentation......Page 62
  Sampling, Participant, and Experimenter Bias......Page 64
  Common Methodological Errors......Page 67
  Characteristics of a Research Study......Page 69
  Methods of Control in Experimental Research......Page 71
  Experimental Validity......Page 72
  Models......Page 76
  Applications to Counseling......Page 82
  Prediction in Research......Page 84
  Correlation and Prediction......Page 85
  Bivariate Predictive Models......Page 87
  Multivariate Predictive Models......Page 90
  Multiple Regression......Page 92
  Factorial Designs......Page 96
  Applications to Counseling......Page 102
 Chapter 7 An Overview of Survey Research......Page 103
  Purpose of Survey Research......Page 104
  Types of Survey Designs......Page 105
  Approaches to Collecting Survey Data......Page 106
  Steps for Conducting a Survey Research Project......Page 109
  Designing Survey Items......Page 111
  Maximizing Survey Response Rates......Page 113
  Limitations of Survey Research......Page 114
  Purpose of Time Series Research......Page 116
  Paper-and-Pencil Versus Computer Software Data Collection......Page 121
  Recording Data......Page 122
  Inter-Observer Agreement......Page 125
  Models......Page 127
  Multiple-Baseline Design......Page 131
  Alternating Treatment Design......Page 132
  Advantages and Drawbacks......Page 134
  Ethical Considerations......Page 135
  Application to Counseling Outcomes......Page 136
 Chapter 9 Grounded Theory Methodology......Page 138
  Purpose of Grounded Theory Research......Page 139
  Getting Started......Page 142
  Coding......Page 144
  Writing Field Notes, Memos, and Diagramming......Page 148
  Theoretical Sampling, Saturation, and Sorting......Page 150
  Theory Construction......Page 152
  Validation: A Theory of Counselor Development......Page 153
 Chapter 10 Phenomenological Designs......Page 158
  Purpose of Phenomenology Research......Page 159
  Conducting Phenomenological Research......Page 160
  Data Collection Methods......Page 163
  Data Analysis and Interpretation......Page 164
  Establishing the Trustworthiness of Findings......Page 166
  Drawbacks......Page 169
  Advantages......Page 170
 Chapter 11 Narrative Research......Page 174
  Foundations of Narrative Therapy......Page 175
  Interpreting Experience......Page 176
  Phases of Narrative Inquiry......Page 178
  Applications to Counseling......Page 191
  Advantages and Drawbacks of Narrative Inquiry......Page 193
 Chapter 12 Systematic Program Evaluation......Page 196
  Key Terms and Definitions......Page 198
  Program Evaluation Models......Page 199
  Collecting Evaluation Information......Page 203
  Systematic Program Evaluation......Page 206
  Example of Systematic Program Evaluation......Page 207
 Chapter 13 Mixed Methods Designs......Page 210
  Background on Mixed Methods Research......Page 211
  Definition of Terms......Page 212
  Research Questions......Page 213
  Types of Mixed Method Designs......Page 216
  Sampling......Page 220
 Chapter 14 Data Management and Using SPSS Software......Page 223
  Why SPSS?......Page 224
  I Have Data, Now What?......Page 225
  How Do I Get Data into SPSS?......Page 228
  How Do I Go About Using SPSS to Answer My Research Questions?......Page 235
 Chapter 15 Basic Statistical Concepts and Descriptive Statistics......Page 238
  Measurement......Page 239
  Purpose of a Research Report......Page 258
  Format of the Research Report......Page 259
  Qualitative Research Reports......Page 262
  Building Skills for Effective Research Report Writing......Page 263
  Common Mistakes in Research Reports......Page 266
 Chapter 17 Ethical Consideration in the Practice of Research......Page 272
  Research Ethics, Integrity, and Responsible Conduct of Research......Page 273
  Impact of Irresponsible Conduct of Research......Page 276
  Roles and Responsibilities of Researchers in the Counseling Profession......Page 277
 Chapter 18 Multicultural Issues in Research......Page 285
  Issues in Conducting Multicultural Research......Page 286
  Research Designs with Multicultural Populations......Page 290
  Current Trends......Page 292
  Guidelines for Infusing Multicultural Issues in Research......Page 294
Appendix A: Preamble and Research Section of the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics 2005......Page 298
Appendix B: Sample Research Paper......Page 304
References......Page 328
 C......Page 342
 E......Page 343
 H......Page 344
 L......Page 345
 O......Page 346
 R......Page 347
 S......Page 348
 W......Page 349
 Z......Page 350