Cost-efficient Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Engineered Systems

Series Preface
Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction
Introduction to ``Cost-efficient Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Engineered Systems´´
	1 Introduction
	2 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Sewage
	3 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Sewage
	4 Membrane Bioreactor (MBRs) for Wastewater Treatment
	5 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment
	6 Disinfection for Pathogen Reduction
	7 Cavitation in Wastewater Treatment
	8 Improving Bioremediation Using Biosurfactants
	9 Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) Removal
	10 Nanotechnology for Wastewater Treatment
	11 Biochar Synthesis and Applications to Treat Wastewater
	12 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Wastewater Reuse
	13 Conclusions
	References
Part II: Physicochemical-based Wastewater Treatment Systems
Adsorption: A Cost-Effective Wastewater Treatment Technology for Removal of Conventional and Emerging Organic Contaminants
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Contaminants
	3 Types of Adsorbents
	4 Thermodynamic of Adsorption
	5 Adsorption Mechanism and Kinetics
		5.1 Elovich Model
		5.2 Pseudo-First-Order Model
		5.3 Pseudo-Second-Order Model
	6 Adsorption Isotherm Models
		6.1 Langmuir Isotherm
		6.2 Freundlich Isotherm
		6.3 The BET Isotherm
	7 Adsorption Technology and Sustainable Development of Resources
		7.1 Adsorption of Emerging Contaminants
	8 Conclusions
	References
Wastewater Treatment Using Biochar Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Wastewater Treatment
	3 Technology of Biochar
		3.1 Definition
		3.2 Production of Biochar
		3.3 Biochar Characterization
	4 Biochar Modifications
		4.1 Physical Activation
		4.2 Chemical Oxidation and Reduction
		4.3 Metal Impregnation
	5 Application of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
		5.1 Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
			5.1.1 Heavy Metals
			5.1.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus
		5.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants
	6 Adsorption Mechanism by Biochar
	7 Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biochar in Wastewater Treatment
	8 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Part III: Biological-based Wastewater Treatment Systems
Biotechnology for Green Future of Wastewater Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Scarcity and the Need for Wastewater Treatment
	3 Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
	4 Biotechnology and its Role in Preventing Environmental Pollution
	5 Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatments in Developing Countries
	6 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Removal of Xenobiotic Compounds
		6.1 These Techniques Include
			6.1.1 Gene Transfer
			6.1.2 Genome Rearrangements
		6.2 Genetic Engineering and Induction of Mutation Are Tools for Gene Activation
	7 Conclusion
	References
Wastewater Treatment Applications by Using Trickling Filter as a Low Energy Consumption Solution: Case Studies Worldwide
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Treatment Process of Trickling Filter
		1.2 Typical Application Area
		1.3 State of Research and General Design Criteria
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Parameters Analysis
		2.2 Background Theory; Design BOD and Nitrifications Trickling Filters
	3 Trickling Filters Case Studies
		3.1 Trickling Filter-Managua
			3.1.1 Full-Scale System and Design
			3.1.2 Operation and Treatment Performance
			3.1.3 Result and Economic Aspect
		3.2 Case Study of Trickling Filters-Al Aweer-Dubai
			3.2.1 Full-Scale System and Design
			3.2.2 Improvement Trickling Filter Performance
			3.2.3 Improving Nitrification Rate/Result
	4 Conclusions and Recommendation
	References
Advanced Configuration for Efficient Membrane Bioreactors
	1 Introduction
	2 Recent Advances in Membrane Bioreactors
		2.1 Self-Forming Dynamic Membrane Bioreactors
			2.1.1 Dynamic Membrane Structure and Formation
			2.1.2 Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Anammox SFDMBRs
			2.1.3 Configurations
		2.2 Electro Membrane Bioreactors (eMBRs)
			2.2.1 Configurations, Electrode Materials, and Operating Conditions
			2.2.2 Conventional Pollutant Removal in eMBRs
			2.2.3 Membrane Fouling Mitigation in eMBRs
		2.3 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors
			2.3.1 Conventional Pollutant Removal in AnMBRs
			2.3.2 Membrane Fouling and Mitigation in AnMBRs
			2.3.3 Integration of AnMBR with Other Processes
				AnMBR Integrated with Fluidized Bed Process
				AnMBR with Additional Inert Support Material for Biomass
				AnMBR Integrated with Electrochemical Processes
		2.4 Removal of Emerging Contaminants Using Advanced Membrane Bioreactors
			2.4.1 Emerging Contaminants Removal by SFDMBRs
			2.4.2 Emerging Contaminants Removal by AnMBRs
			2.4.3 Emerging Contaminants Removal by eMBRs
	3 Technologies for Energy-Harvesting Membrane Bioreactors
		3.1 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors
		3.2 Membrane Bioreactors and Bio-Electrochemical Systems (MBR-BES)
			3.2.1 MBR Integrated with MFC
				MBR-MFC with Cathode as Membrane/Cathode in Membrane Chamber
				MBR-MFC with Anode as Membrane/Anode in Membrane Chamber
			3.2.2 MBR Integrated with MEC
	4 Economic Feasibility of Currently Developed Membrane Bioreactors
	5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	6 Conclusions
	References
Membrane Bioreactor for Wastewater Treatment: Current Status, Novel Configurations and Cost Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Full-Scale MBR
		2.1 Overview of the Technology
		2.2 Effluent Water Quality
	3 Cost Analysis of MBR Process
		3.1 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)
		3.2 Operating Expenditures (OPEX) and Specific Energy Consumption
		3.3 Cost Comparison MBR vs. CAS
	4 Energy Reduction in MBR
		4.1 Novel Configurations
		4.2 Process Optimization
		4.3 Success Stories
	5 Life Cycle Assessment of MBR
	6 Future Research Outlook
	7 Conclusions
	References
Anaerobic Treatment System: A Sustainable Clean Environment and Future Hope of Renewable Energy Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Anaerobic Technologies for Waste-to-Energy Management
		2.1 Anaerobic Reactor Types
			2.1.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)
			2.1.2 Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) Reactor
			2.1.3 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors
		2.2 Bioeconomy and Ecological Benefits of Energy Recovery from Wastes Using AD Technologies
			2.2.1 Anaerobic Reactor for Value-Added Products Recovery
			2.2.2 Social-Economic Benefits of AD Technology and Human Empowerment
	3 Development of Biorefinery for Bioenergy Production
		3.1 Utilization of Anaerobic Reactor for Conversion of Wastes to Bioenergy in South Africa
	4 Biochemistry and Microbiology of Anaerobic Digestion Process
		4.1 Functions of Methanogenic Archaea in Biogas Production
	5 Determination of Microbial Fingerprint in an Anaerobic Reactor Using Molecular Techniques
	6 Conclusions
	7 Recommendation and Future Perspectives
	References
Prospects and Potential Role of Biological Treatment of Textile Effluent to Restore Water Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources and Discharges of Textile Wastes
	3 Impact on Health and Lifestyle
	4 Microbe Assisted Dye Degradation
		4.1 Mode of Action
		4.2 Factors Affecting Microbial Mediated Bioremediation
			4.2.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Sources
			4.2.2 pH
			4.2.3 Temperature
			4.2.4 Aeration Condition
			4.2.5 Dye Concentration
			4.2.6 Enzyme
	5 Present Challenges and Future Prospects
	6 Conclusion
	References
Degradation of Selected Xenobiotics from Wastewater by Wood-Decay Fungi
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art: Application of Wood-Decay Fungi in Wastewater Treatment
	3 Biocarriers Produced by 3D Printing
	4 Testing of Biocarriers Produced by 3D Print
		4.1 Tested Substances: Sulfonamides Antibiotics
		4.2 Inoculation and Fructification Process
		4.3 Testing
		4.4 Analysis and Evaluation
			4.4.1 Materials and Analysis Methods
			4.4.2 Evaluation of Printscreen Test
			4.4.3 Evaluation of the Setup Test
	5 Conclusions
	6 Recommendations
	References
Part IV: Advanced and Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Systems
Nanotechnology Enabled Multifunctional Materials for Removal of Toxicants from Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Treatment Methods
		2.1 Conventional Technologies
		2.2 Nanotechnology
	3 Nanotechnology Enhanced Nanomaterials
		3.1 Metal Based Nanomaterials
		3.2 Polymer Based Nanomaterials
		3.3 Membrane Based Nanomaterials
		3.4 Carbon Nanotubes
		3.5 Anti-Microbial Nanomaterials
	4 Application of Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
		4.1 Disinfection
			4.1.1 Photocatalytic Processes
			4.1.2 Nano-Silver (Ag)
		4.2 Media Filtration
			4.2.1 Adsorbents
		4.3 Membrane Systems
			4.3.1 High Performance Membranes
			4.3.2 Antifouling Membranes
		4.4 Monitoring and Sensing
			4.4.1 Sensors
			4.4.2 High Efficiency Sample Preconcentration
	5 Conclusion
	References
SnO2-Mixed Oxide Electrodes for Water Treatment: Role of the Low-Cost Active Anode
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanisms for Electrochemically Oxidizing Pollutants
		2.1 Indirect Electro-Oxidation Processes
		2.2 Direct Anodic Oxidation
		2.3 Typical Designs of Electrochemical Systems
	3 Methods for Fabrication of SnO2 Electrodes
		3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		3.2 Thermal Decomposition
		3.3 Sol-Gel Dip-Coating
		3.4 Spray Pyrolysis
		3.5 Electrodeposition
			3.5.1 Anodic Method
			3.5.2 Cathodic Method
		3.6 Stability of SnO2-Based Electrodes
	4 Properties of SnO2
	5 Application to Water Treatment
	6 Outlook and Future Works with SnO2-Based Electrodes
		6.1 Ordered Stake Micro-Structured SnO2/TiO2 Nanotubes (TiO2 NTs)
		6.2 Sieve-Like Mp-SnO2/TiO2 NTs
		6.3 HOEP SnO2/TiO2 NTs
		6.4 (Ru0.3Ti0.34Sn0.3Sb0.06)O2-TiO2 NTs Anode
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
RuO2-Based Electrodes for Chlorine Evolution and Its Application in Water Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Physicochemical Properties of RuO2
	3 Mechanism of Chlorine Evolution Reaction
	4 Application in Water Treatment
	5 Conclusion and Future Remark
	References
Comparing Tertiary Wastewater Treatment to Seawater Desalination Using Life Cycle Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Assessing Wastewater Treatment Technologies Using LCA
		2.1 Goal and Scope in LCA of Wastewater Applications
			2.1.1 The Scope and Functional Units in Wastewater LCA
		2.2 Life Cycle Inventories and Databases Used for Wastewater LCA
		2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Wastewater LCA
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Goal
		3.2 The Functional Unit
		3.3 System Scope and Boundary
			3.3.1 Primary Treatment
			3.3.2 Secondary Treatment
			3.3.3 Tertiary Treatment
			3.3.4 Sludge Treatment
		3.4 Life Cycle Inventory
		3.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Cavitation-Based Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Acoustic Cavitation
		2.1 Optimum Design Parameters for Maximizing the Effects of Acoustic Cavitation
			2.1.1 Intensity of Irradiation
			2.1.2 Frequency of Irradiation
			2.1.3 Initial Size of the Nuclei
	3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
		3.1 Optimum Design Parameters for Hydrodynamic Cavitation
			3.1.1 Cavitation Number
			3.1.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Liquid and Initial Size of the Nuclei
			3.1.3 Type of Cavitating Reactor
	4 Cavitation-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes (Cav-AOPs)
		4.1 Formation of Radical Species Under Cavitation Conditions
		4.2 Effect of External Oxidants - Oxygen, Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide, Persulfates: Hybrid Processes
			4.2.1 Hybrid Processes Based on Ozone and Cavitation Phenomenon
			4.2.2 Hybrid Processes Based on Hydrogen Peroxide and Cavitation Phenomenon
			4.2.3 Hybrid Processes Based on Peroxone and Cavitation Phenomenon
			4.2.4 Hybrid Processes Based on Persulfate and Cavitation Phenomenon
			4.2.5 Hybrid Processes Based on Peroxymonosulfate and Cavitation Phenomenon
		4.3 Sonocatalytic Advanced Oxidation Process
			4.3.1 Applications of Sonocatalysis
	5 Factors Influencing the Efficiencies of Treatment Processes
		5.1 Effect of pH
		5.2 Effect of Temperature
		5.3 Effect of the Initial Concentration of Pollutant
		5.4 Effect of Inorganic Ions
	6 Applications of Cavitation Processes in Environmental Protection
		6.1 Application of Cavitation for Wastewater Treatment Containing Volatile Organic Compounds
		6.2 Removal of Pesticides from Wastewater by Cavitation Technologies
		6.3 Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewaters Induced by Cavitation Technologies
		6.4 Domestic Effluents
		6.5 Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by Cavitation
		6.6 Miscellaneous Application of Cavitation Technologies
	7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Emerging Organic Compound (EOC) Removal from Water and Wastewater Using Innovative Technologies and Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Risk Grouping of Emerging Organic Compounds (EOCs) in Water Media
	3 Innovative Technologies and Materials Used in Combined Treatment Systems
		3.1 Biological Treatment and Membrane Combined System
		3.2 Adsorption Process-Membrane Combined System
		3.3 Oxidation Process and Combined Membrane System
	4 Economic Analysis of the Emerging Organic Compound (EOC) Removal with Innovative Technologies
	5 Future Perspective and Conclusion
	References
Trihalomethanes (THMs) in Wastewater: Causes and Concerns
	1 Introduction
	2 Disinfection of Wastewater
	3 THMs Formation Mechanism
	4 Factors Affecting THMs Formation
		4.1 pH Effect
		4.2 Temperature Effect
		4.3 Organic Matter
		4.4 Effect of Chlorine Dose and Contact Time
		4.5 Effect of Ammonia
		4.6 Effect of Bromide Ion
	5 Risk of THMs
	6 Models to Predict the Concentration of THMs
	7 Guidelines
	8 Summary and Conclusions
	9 Future Prospective
	References
Part V: Wastewater Management and Sustainability
Sustainable and Green Management of Wastewater Under Climate Change Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Common Methods of Wastewater Management
	3 Vulnerabilities of Wastewater Management Sector by Climate Change
		3.1 The Effect of Temperature on Wastewater Treatment
		3.2 The Effect of Precipitation on Wastewater Treatment
		3.3 The Effect of Sea-Level Rise on Wastewater Treatment
		3.4 Drought Conditions on Wastewater Treatment
	4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Wastewater System
	5 Sustainable and Green Management of Wastewater: Concepts and Approaches
	6 Conclusion
	References
Microbial Biosurfactants and Their Implication Toward Wastewater Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Production of Biosurfactants
	3 Types of Biosurfactants
		3.1 Glycolipids
			3.1.1 Rhamnolipid
			3.1.2 Sophorolipids
			3.1.3 Trehalolipids
		3.2 Lipoproteins or Lipopolypeptides
			3.2.1 Surfactin
			3.2.2 Lichenysin
		3.3 Fatty Acid, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids
		3.4 Polymeric
		3.5 Particulate Biosurfactants
	4 Biosurfactants and Decontamination
	5 Petrochemical in Wastewater
	6 Management and Treatment by Biosurfactants
	7 Non-biological Wastewater Treatment
	8 Heavy Metals in Water
	9 Biosurfactants in Hazardous Chemicals Removal
	10 Pesticides in Water
	11 Indirect Reduction in Agro-Chemicals by Biosurfactants
	12 Limitations of Biosurfactants Application
	13 Conclusion
	14 Future Perspectives
	References
Best Practices in Wastewater Management in Poland with Particular Emphasis on Swimming Pool Waters
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Data
	3 The State of Water and Wastewater Management in Poland
	4 Selected Wastewater Treatment Technologies
	5 Modern Wastewater Treatment Methods Used in Poland: Water Recovery on the Example of Swimming Pool Water Treatment
		5.1 Swimming Pools in Poland and Pool Water Treatment Methods
		5.2 Lumi-Ultra Technology for Pool Water Recovery
		5.3 Economic Benefits of the Solution
	6 Summary
	7 Recommendations
	References
Towards the Global Rise of Zero Liquid Discharge for Wastewater Management: The Mining Industry Case in Chile
	1 Water-Energy-Raw Materials Nexus in Chile
	2 Water Provision and Brine in Chilean Mining Industry
	3 Mine Tailings and Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in Chile
	4 Membrane Technology: A Key Technology for the Implementation of the Paradigms of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) and the Circula...
	5 Solar-Driven Membrane Distillation (MD) for a Sustainable Water Management
	6 Membrane Technologies: A New Route for Mining from Wastewater
	7 Outlooks
	References
Part VI: Conclusions and Recommendations
Updates, Conclusions, and Recommendations for ``Cost-efficient Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Engineered Systems´´
	1 Introduction
	2 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Sewage
	3 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Sewage
	4 Membrane Technology for Wastewater Treatment
	5 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment
	6 Disinfection for Pathogen Reduction
	7 Improving Bioremediation Using Biosurfactants
	8 Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) Removal
	9 Nanotechnology for Wastewater Treatment
	10 Biochar Synthesis and Applications to Treat Wastewater
	11 Wastewater Management
	12 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
	13 Conclusions
	References