Cosmogenic Nuclides: Principles, Concepts and Applications in the Earth Surface Sciences

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
1.1 Origin and nature of cosmic rays......Page 13
1.1.1 The nucleonic component......Page 15
1.1.2 The mesonic component......Page 17
1.2 Interaction with magnetic fields......Page 19
1.3 Interactions with the Earth's atmosphere......Page 22
1.4 Interactions with the Earth's surface......Page 24
1.4.1 Fast and high-energy neutrons......Page 25
1.4.2 Thermal neutrons......Page 26
1.4.3 Muons......Page 27
1.5.1 Spallation......Page 28
1.5.2 Thermal neutron capture......Page 29
1.5.3 Negative muon capture......Page 31
1.6 Detection of cosmic rays......Page 32
1.6.1 Photographic emulsions......Page 33
1.6.2 Neutron monitor......Page 35
2 Cosmogenic nuclides......Page 37
2.1 `Useful´ cosmogenic nuclides......Page 38
2.2 Stable cosmogenic nuclides......Page 41
Inherited helium......Page 42
Production pathways and interferences......Page 43
Ejection distances......Page 45
Applications......Page 47
Inherited neon......Page 48
Production pathways and interferences......Page 50
Applications......Page 51
2.2.3 Cosmogenic argon (36Ar, 38Ar)......Page 52
Production pathways and interferences......Page 53
2.2.4 Cosmogenic krypton and xenon......Page 54
Applications......Page 55
2.3.1 Cosmogenic beryllium (10Be)......Page 56
Production pathways and interferences......Page 57
2.3.2 Cosmogenic carbon (14C)......Page 58
Production pathways and interferences......Page 59
Production pathways and interferences......Page 60
Meteoric/Atmospheric 36Cl......Page 61
Production pathways and interferences......Page 62
Production pathways and interferences......Page 63
2.3.5 Cosmogenic manganese (53Mn)......Page 64
2.4 Sample preparation......Page 65
2.4.1 Purification of mineral separates......Page 66
2.4.2 Preparation of AMS targets......Page 67
2.5.1 Noble-gas mass spectrometry......Page 69
2.5.2 Accelerator mass spectrometry......Page 70
From physical principles......Page 72
From geological calibration......Page 73
3.2 Scaling factors......Page 75
3.3 Building scaling factors......Page 77
Geographic coordinates......Page 78
Geomagnetic coordinates......Page 79
Atmospheric pressure......Page 82
Geomagnetic field......Page 84
Solar modulation......Page 86
4.1 Exposure dating......Page 89
Non-eroding surfaces......Page 90
Eroding surfaces......Page 92
4.1.2 Mass shielding......Page 95
Topographic shielding......Page 97
Self shielding......Page 100
Other mass shielding/surface coverage......Page 101
Uplift/subsidence......Page 102
Pre-exposure......Page 103
Erosion and perturbation of moraines......Page 104
Erosion and perturbation of fluvial and beach sediments......Page 107
Exposure dating of lava flows......Page 111
Glacially polished bedrock......Page 115
Wave-cut surfaces......Page 116
Wind-polished bedrock......Page 117
Fault scarps......Page 118
4.2 Burial dating......Page 121
4.2.1 Fast and complete burial......Page 123
4.2.2 Slow and/or incomplete burial with variable inheritance......Page 124
Depth profiles for burial dating......Page 125
Isolevel sampling of buried sediments......Page 127
4.2.3 Complex burial histories......Page 128
4.3 Erosion/denudation rates......Page 130
Erosion vs. denudation......Page 131
4.3.1 Basin-scale denudation rates......Page 132
Averaging timescales and temporally variable erosion rates......Page 136
Vertically mixed soils and regoliths......Page 138
Sampling considerations......Page 141
4.4 Uplift rates......Page 142
4.5 Soil dynamics......Page 143
Material transport......Page 144
4.6 Dealing with uncertainty......Page 145
Analytical and observational uncertainty......Page 146
Methodological uncertainties......Page 148
Geological/natural uncertainties......Page 151
Error propagation......Page 154
Appendix A Sampling checklist......Page 156
Further sampling considerations......Page 157
Template for sampling notes......Page 158
B.1 Introduction......Page 160
B.2 Site-specific information......Page 161
B.3 Cosmogenic-nuclide data......Page 163
B.4 Other analytical and observational data......Page 164
B.5 Calculation parameters......Page 165
B.6 Concluding note......Page 166
References......Page 167
Index......Page 192