Cosmic Explosions in Three Dimensions: Asymmetries in Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts (2004)(en)(3

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Part I Introduction......Page 11
1.1 Introduction: a brief time for history......Page 13
1.2 Type Ia......Page 15
1.3 Asymmetric core collapse......Page 17
1.4 The magneto-rotational instability and core collapse......Page 18
1.5 Gamma-ray bursts......Page 20
Acknowledgements......Page 22
References......Page 23
Part II Supernovae: Observations Today......Page 25
2.1 Introduction......Page 27
2.2.1 SN 1987A......Page 28
2.2.2 SN 1996cb......Page 29
2.2.3 SN 1997X......Page 30
2.2.5 SN 1999em......Page 31
2.3 Thermonuclear supernovae......Page 33
2.3.3 SN 2001el......Page 34
2.3.4 SN 2002ic......Page 36
2.4 Summary......Page 37
References......Page 38
3.1 Introduction......Page 40
3.2 Interstellar polarization......Page 42
3.3 Type IIn supernovae......Page 43
3.4 Type II-P supernovae......Page 44
3.5.2 SNe Ib and Ic......Page 46
3.6 Type Ia Supernovae......Page 48
3.7 SN Spectropolarimetry as a Probe of Interstellar Dust......Page 50
References......Page 51
4.1 Introduction......Page 53
4.2 Observed properties of Type II plateau supernovae......Page 54
4.3 Physical properties of Type II plateau supernovae......Page 55
4.4 Conclusions......Page 58
References......Page 59
5.1 Introduction......Page 60
5.2 Data of SN 1997B and other SNe......Page 61
5.3 Discussion......Page 62
References......Page 65
6.1 Introduction......Page 67
6.2 He I lines......Page 69
6.3 C I lines......Page 70
6.4 Carbon monoxide emission......Page 71
References......Page 73
7.1 Introduction......Page 74
7.2 Morphology of Type Ia SNRs......Page 75
7.3 Morphology of core collapse SNe......Page 79
References......Page 82
8.1 Introduction......Page 84
8.3 Structure of the Circumstellar Medium (CSM)......Page 85
8.4 SNR-Circumstellar Medium interaction......Page 86
8.5 A 35 M star......Page 87
WOLF-RAYET (WR) PHASE......Page 88
SN-CSM INTERACTION......Page 89
References......Page 90
9.1 The polls......Page 91
9.2 Implications......Page 93
References......Page 94
Part III Theory of Thermonuclear Supernovae......Page 95
10.1 Introduction......Page 97
10.2 Two Super Soft X-ray source binaries: CAL 83 and CAL 87......Page 98
10.3 Evolutionary models for CAL 83 and CAL 87......Page 99
10.4 Summary......Page 101
References......Page 102
11.1 Introduction......Page 104
11.2.2 Dynamical and secular shear instabilities......Page 105
11.2.3 GSF instability and magnetic instabilities......Page 106
11.3 Differential rotation and critical mass for the explosion......Page 107
11.4 Stabilisation of the helium shell source......Page 108
References......Page 109
12.1 Introduction......Page 110
12.2 Reaction waves in homogeneous media......Page 111
12.3 Deflagration of a Type Ia supernova......Page 113
12.4 Transition from a deflagration to a detonation......Page 114
12.5 Where do we stand? (Far away, I hope.)......Page 117
Acknowledgements......Page 118
References......Page 119
13.1 Introduction......Page 120
13.3 Results......Page 122
13.4 Propagation of detonations in a R-T disturbed region......Page 128
Acknowledgements......Page 129
References......Page 130
14.1 Introduction......Page 131
14.2 Reactive fluid dynamic model......Page 132
14.3 Reaction front propagation......Page 134
14.4.1 Deflagration......Page 136
14.4.2 Delayed detonation......Page 139
References......Page 140
15.1 Introduction......Page 142
15.2 Background......Page 143
15.3 Spectroscopic diversity......Page 144
15.4 Recent results with Synow......Page 146
15.5 Questions......Page 148
References......Page 150
16.1 Introduction......Page 152
16.2 General......Page 153
16.3 Core collapse supernovae......Page 155
16.4 Thermonuclear explosions......Page 159
References......Page 160
17.1 Introduction......Page 161
17.2 SN 2001ay......Page 162
17.3 Broad-lightcurve SNe......Page 164
17.4 Asymmetry?......Page 166
References......Page 167
18.1 Introduction......Page 169
18.2 Approach......Page 170
18.3 Simple constraints on nonsphericity......Page 171
18.4 Direct analysis in 3-D......Page 173
18.5 Detailed analysis in 3-D......Page 174
References......Page 175
19.1 Introduction......Page 176
19.2 The ejecta-hole model......Page 177
19.3 Spectral signatures......Page 178
19.4 Polarization signatures......Page 179
19.5 Conclusion......Page 181
References......Page 182
20.1 3-D effects on supernova spectra......Page 183
20.2 Effects of 3-D hydro on the spectra of Type Ia supernovae......Page 184
20.3 Modeling supernovae with large asymmetries......Page 187
References......Page 188
21.1 Introduction......Page 189
21.2 Scatter in the initial metallicity and the induced brightness variations......Page 193
21.3 Implications......Page 194
References......Page 196
Part IV Theory of Core Collapse Supernovae......Page 199
22.1 Introduction......Page 201
22.2 Single stars......Page 202
22.3 Binary stars......Page 203
22.3.1 Spin evolution of the mass donor......Page 204
22.3.2 Spin evolution of the mass gainer......Page 205
22.3.3 How much matter can stars accrete from a binary companion?......Page 206
22.4 Conclusions......Page 207
References......Page 208
23.1 Prolog......Page 209
23.2 Introduction......Page 210
23.2.1 Entropy......Page 212
23.3.1 A constant entropy atmosphere......Page 214
23.4 Neutrino heating and the thermal cycle......Page 215
23.5 Heat exchange loss......Page 217
References......Page 218
24.1 What is the mechanism of pulsar kicks?......Page 219
24.2 Gravitational waves from core collapse......Page 221
24.3 Rotational effects......Page 222
24.3.1 Rotation and explosion......Page 224
24.4 Reprise on supernova energetics, made simple......Page 225
24.4.1 Supernova energetics made simple (?)......Page 226
References......Page 227
25.1 Introduction: a cosmic zoo of galactic jet sources......Page 229
25.2.1.1 Jet production in accreting systems and pulsars......Page 231
25.2.1.2 Jets from Kerr black holes: direct & indirect magnetic coupling......Page 232
25.2.2.1 Slow A & C is probably the norm......Page 233
25.2.2.2 Stability of highly magnetized flows during A & C......Page 234
25.3.2 The pulsar rocket......Page 236
25.3.4 Unresolved issues......Page 237
25.4.2 Neutron star and black hole jets......Page 238
References......Page 240
26.1 Introduction......Page 241
26.2 Background......Page 242
26.3 Calculations......Page 243
26.4 Discussion......Page 245
References......Page 246
27.1 Introduction......Page 248
27.2 The perturbed adiabatic flow viewed as a forced oscillator......Page 249
27.3 Boundary condition at…......Page 250
27.4 Eigenmodes of shocked accretion......Page 251
27.7 Conclusion......Page 252
References......Page 253
28.1 Asymmetry effects in hypernovae......Page 254
28.2.1 Light curves......Page 255
28.2.2 Spectra......Page 258
28.2.3 SN 2003dh/GRB030329......Page 259
28.3.1 Nucleosynthesis......Page 260
28.3.2 Effects on the galactic chemical evolution......Page 261
28.4 Concluding remarks......Page 262
References......Page 263
29.1 Introduction......Page 265
29.2 Abundance observations......Page 266
29.3 The site or sites for the r-process......Page 267
29.4 Abundance scatter in the early Galaxy......Page 268
References......Page 269
Part V Magnetars, N-Stars, Pulsars......Page 271
30.2 Instabilities in young remnants......Page 273
30.3 Clumpy/bubbly ejecta......Page 274
30.4 Asymmetric young remnants......Page 276
30.5 Older pulsar wind nebulae......Page 277
References......Page 278
31.1 The Chandra X-ray observatory – an overview......Page 280
31.2 Spatially resolved spectroscopy of SNR......Page 281
31.3 Compact objects and pulsar wind nebulae......Page 282
31.4 Young supernovae......Page 283
31.6 Summary......Page 284
References......Page 285
32.1 Evidence for neutron star kicks and supernova asymmetry......Page 286
32.2 The problem of core-collapse supernovae and NS kicks......Page 287
32.3.1 Hydrodynamically driven kicks......Page 288
32.3.2 Neutrino – magnetic field driven kicks......Page 290
32.3.4 Other possibilities......Page 291
32.4 Astrophysical constraints on kick mechanisms......Page 292
References......Page 293
33.1 Introduction: a neutron star\'s crust......Page 295
33.2 Magnetar outbursts: a brief review......Page 299
33.3 Outburst rise-times and durations......Page 301
33.4 Other observational clues......Page 303
33.5 Discussion: crust-yielding in magnetars......Page 305
33.6 Conclusions......Page 307
Acknowledgements......Page 308
References......Page 309
34.2 Review: turbulence models and jets......Page 311
34.3 Flow topology and jet thermodynamics......Page 313
34.4 Conclusion......Page 315
References......Page 316
35.1 Introduction......Page 317
35.2 Electron capture in supernovae......Page 318
35.3 Effects on core collapse......Page 319
35.4 Post-Bounce evolution......Page 320
Acknowledgements......Page 322
References......Page 323
Part VI Gamma-Ray Bursts......Page 325
36.1 GRB/SN connections......Page 327
36.2 GRB 021004: a massive progenitor star surrounded by shells......Page 329
36.3.1 Log and variability......Page 331
36.3.2 Minimum rise time......Page 332
36.3.3 Number of peaks......Page 333
36.3.4 The future......Page 334
References......Page 335
37.1 Introduction......Page 337
37.2 GRB–SN connection......Page 338
37.3 Nature of X-ray flashes and X-ray-rich GRBs......Page 340
37.4 XRFs as a probe of Type Ic supernovae......Page 341
References......Page 345
38.1 The death of massive stars......Page 347
38.2 The energetics of Gamma-Ray Bursts......Page 348
38.3 The incidence of engine in Type Ib/c supernovae......Page 351
38.4 Future directions......Page 353
Acknowledgments......Page 354
References......Page 355
39.1 Introduction......Page 356
39.2 Results......Page 357
39.3 Conclusion......Page 359
References......Page 360
40.1 Introduction......Page 361
40.2 Spectra......Page 362
40.3 Separating the GRB from the supernova......Page 364
References......Page 369
41.1 Observational evidence linking GRBs with massive stars......Page 371
41.2 GRB environment......Page 375
41.3 GRB energetics......Page 378
References......Page 379
Part VII Conference Summary......Page 381
42.2 Dynamo theory and saturation fields......Page 383
A. Equation of state......Page 384
B. Neutrino transport......Page 385
A. Magnetic helicity currents......Page 386
B. Poleward slip instability......Page 387
42.5.1 Asymmetry rules......Page 388
42.5.2 Type Ia......Page 389
42.5.3 Core collapse......Page 390
42.6 Gamma-Ray bursts......Page 391
Acknowledgements......Page 392
References......Page 393