Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Oil and Gas Production: Guidance on General Requirements and Test Methods for H2S Service

Front Matter......Page 1
Series Introduction......Page 3
Preface to the First Edition......Page 6
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 8
1.1 Generic and Oilfield Terms......Page 12
1.2 Definitions and Abbreviations......Page 14
2. Standards Referred to in this Document......Page 17
3. Introduction......Page 19
4. Scope......Page 20
5. Objectives......Page 21
6.2.2 CRAs......Page 22
6.2.3 Testing CRAs for General and Localised Corrosion......Page 23
6.3 Corrosion Resistance in Other Fluids......Page 24
6.5 Quality Assurance (QA), Quality Control (QC) Testing......Page 26
7.3 Test Stresses and Loading of Specimens......Page 27
7.4 Test Specimens......Page 33
7.6 Test Temperature......Page 34
7.8 Interpretation of Test Results......Page 35
7.9 Limitations of the Proposed Test Methods......Page 36
7.10 Alternative Test Methods......Page 37
7.11 Reproducibility of Tests......Page 38
8.2.1 Application Specific Environments......Page 39
8.2.3 Environment 1......Page 40
8.2.5 Environment 3......Page 41
8.4 Specimen Selection and Surface Preparation and Loading......Page 42
8.5.2 Constant Total Strain Tests......Page 43
8.6.2 Method B (Statically Loaded, 4-Point, Bent-Beam Specimens)......Page 44
8.6.3 Method C (Statically Loaded, C-Ring Specimens)......Page 45
8.6.4 Examination and Failure Appraisal of Methods A, B and C......Page 47
8.8 Test Report......Page 48
Appendix 1: Mechanisms of Environmental Cracking......Page 50
A2.2 The Sources and Characteristics of Produced Waters......Page 51
A2.2.1 Gas Reservoirs......Page 53
A2.2.2 Oil Reservoirs......Page 54
A2.2.4 Surface Production Facilities......Page 55
A2.3 pH of Produced Waters......Page 56
A2.5.1 Requirement......Page 57
A2.5.4 Iron (Fe_2+/Fe_3+)......Page 58
A2.5.5 pH Controlling Components......Page 59
A2.5.6 Total Alkalinity and Bicarbonate (HCO_3^-)......Page 60
A2.5.9 Validation and Correction of Analyses......Page 61
References for Appendix 2......Page 62
A3.4 Hydrogen Uptake......Page 63
Reference for Appendix 3......Page 64
A4.4 Reference Test Environments......Page 65
Reference for Appendix 4......Page 66
A5.3 Normalised Reduction in Area (RA_n)......Page 67
A6.2 Principles......Page 69
A6.4 Test Vessels......Page 70
A6.7 Test Solutions......Page 71
A6.8 Test Gases......Page 72
A6.9 Test Monitoring......Page 73
A6.10 Reporting......Page 74
A7.2 Studding, Nuts and Jigs......Page 75
A7.4 Loading: Bent Beams......Page 76
A7.6 Welded Specimens......Page 77
A7.7 Strain Gauging......Page 78
References for Appendix 7......Page 79
Editorial Note......Page 80
S1.2.1 Environmental Parameters......Page 81
S1.2.2 Test Parameters/Type of Corrosion......Page 83
S1.2.3 Test Procedures......Page 84
References for Supplementary Appendix S1......Page 85