Coronavirus Therapeutics – Volume II: Clinical Management and Public Health

Preface
Contents
Editors Biography
Clinical Features, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Management of COVID-19 Patients
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Signs and Symptoms of COVID-19
	3	 Complications of COVID-19
	4	 Comorbid Factors of COVID-19
	5	 Differential Diagnosis
	6	 Diagnostic Evaluation
	7	 Management and Treatments of COVID-19
	8	 COVID-19 Pregnancy Outcome and Geriatric Patients
	9	 Investigational Drugs and Other Therapies
	10	 Psychological Support
	11	 Food and Nutritional Support
	12	 Personal Protective Equipment
	13	 Prevention of COVID-19
		13.1	 General Measurements
		13.2	 Preventing Community Spread
		13.3	 Workplace Hazard Control
		13.4	 Investigational Vaccines
	14	 Prognosis
	15	 Pathological Findings from Deceased COVID-19 Patients
	16	 Deceased Body Handling
	17	 Disseminating Information
	18	 Conclusion/Geopolitical and Social Impacts
	References
Outbreak of COVID-19: A Detailed Overview and Its Consequences
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Origin and Transmission of COVID-19
	3	 Genetic Structure and Assembly of SARS-CoV-2
	4	 Statistical Analysis for Spread of COVID-19
	5	 Possible Diagnosis and Therapeutics: Research and Applications
		5.1	 Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19
		5.2	 Diagnosis of COVID-19
		5.3	 Rapid Testing Kits
		5.4	 Complications and Major Clinical Outcomes
		5.5	 Therapeutics
		5.6	 Recovery Stages of COVID-19
	6	 Efforts on Vaccine Development Against COVID-19
	7	 Impact of COVID-19 on Public Health and Healthcare Services
		7.1	 Impact on Public Health
		7.2	 Impact on Healthcare Services
		7.3	 Impact on Economy
		7.4	 Impact on Youth and Education
		7.5	 Impact on Social Life
		7.6	 Impact on Environment
	8	 Conclusion
	References
A Paradigm Gap in Host–Pathogen Interaction Studies: Lesson from the COVID-19 Pandemic
	1	 Introduction
		1.1	 Overview of HPI
		1.2	 Host–Pathogen Interaction and the Existing Gap
		1.3	 SARS-CoV-2 Interaction with the Host
		1.4	 Host Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2
		1.5	 Impact of Comorbidity on Infectious Diseases
		1.6	 Mortality and Morbidity of COVID-19
	2	 Prevalence of Pathogenesis in Immune-Challenged Host
		2.1	 Determinants/Consequence of Infection in Immunosuppressed Host
		2.2	 Disease-Mediated Immune Suppression in Host System
		2.3	 Altered Interactions of Pathogen in Immune-Challenged Host
		2.4	 Host Microbiome–Host Immunity in Immune-Challenged Host
	3	 COVID-19 and Associated Risk Factors Involved
		3.1	 Age
		3.2	 Hypertension
	4	 ACE-2 Inhibitors and Its Link Between Hypertension and COVID-19 Comorbidity
		4.1	 Diabetes Mellitus
	5	 Plausible Mechanism of Increased Susceptibility of COVID-19 in DM Patients
		5.1	 Cardiovascular Diseases
	6	 ACE-2 and Cardiovascular Diseases in COVID-19 Patients
	7	 RAAS Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Diseases in COVID-19 Patients
	8	 Mortality and Comorbidity in COVID-19
	9	 Discussion
		9.1	 Lessons Learned from the Prevalence of COVID-19 Pandemic
		9.2	 Breaking the Gap for Future Therapeutics
	10	 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
SARS/CoV-2: Behavioral Host Manipulation
	1	 Introduction
		1.1	 Host Manipulation and Implications for COVID
	2	 Methods
		2.1	 Testing the Host Manipulation Hypothesis
	3	 Results
		3.1	 SARS/CoV-2: An Army of Typhoid Mary’s?
		3.2	 Herd Immunity and the “Swedish Experiment”
	4	 Conclusion
	References
Management of COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Epidemiology
	3	 Clinical Features
	4	 Laboratory Findings
	5	 Radiological Findings
	6	 The Decision for Which Patients to Follow-up in the ICU
	7	 Diagnostic Testing and General Supportive Care on ICU Admission
	8	 Respiratory Management for Nonintubated Patients
	9	 The Decision to Intubate
	10	 Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
	11	 Supportive Treatment Strategies
	12	 Investigational Drugs Specific to COVID-19
	13	 Complications
	14	 Intrahospital Transport of Critically Ill Patients
	15	 Conclusion
	References
First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Data and Evidence
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Methods
	3	 Results
		3.1	 COVID-19 in Italy: An Epidemiological Tracking Shot
			3.1.1	 Italy and Europe
			3.1.2	 Situation of Italy: Region by Region
			3.1.3	 Comorbidities and Deaths
		3.2	 The Italian System’s Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: Non-pharmaceutical Interventions, Health System, and Social Protection Strengthening Measures
	4	 Discussion
	References
Risk Factors for COVID-19: Diabetes, Hypertension, and Obesity
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Diabetes
	3	 Hypertension
	4	 Obesity
	5	 The ACEi/ARB/DPP4i Matter
	6	 Conclusion
	References
Current Challenges for the Effective Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Virology of SARS-CoV-2
	3	 Pathogenesis of COVID-19
	4	 Diagnosis of COVID-19
		4.1	 Viral RNA Detection
			4.1.1	 RT-PCR
			4.1.2	 qRT-PCR
			4.1.3	 RT-LAMP
			4.1.4	 CRISPR-Based Test
			4.1.5	 Nucleic Acid Hybridization Using Microarray
			4.1.6	 Amplicon-Based Metagenomic Sequencing
		4.2	 Viral Antigen and Serum Antibody Detection
			4.2.1	 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
			4.2.2	 Lateral Flow Assay
			4.2.3	 Neutralization Assay
			4.2.4	 Luminescent Immunoassay
			4.2.5	 Biosensor
			4.2.6	 Rapid Diagnostic Test
		4.3	 Computerized Tomography
	5	 Therapeutics and Vaccine for COVID-19
		5.1	 Antiviral Treatment
			5.1.1	 Lopinavir/Ritonavir
			5.1.2	 Ribavirin
			5.1.3	 Remdesivir
			5.1.4	 Tamiflu or Oseltamivir
			5.1.5	 Peramivir
		5.2	 Small Molecule Drugs
			5.2.1	 Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
			5.2.2	 Dexamethasone
		5.3	 Neutralizing Antibody OR Plasma Therapy
		5.4	 Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2
	6	 Conclusion
	References
COVID-19 Outbreak Challenges in Indian Migrant Pregnant and Lactating Mothers: Learnt Lesson Demands Phronesis and Hierarchical Strategies for Such Future Pandemics
	1	 Introduction
	2	 The Pandemic and India: A Glimpse
	3	 Current Status of Migrant Workers Globally and COVID-19
	4	 Walking Miles from Working Place to Home on Road and Railway Tracks
	5	 The Pandemic, Lactating Women and Birth on Roads and in Trains: The Real Tragedy
	6	 Conclusion
	References
COVID-19 and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
	1	 Introduction
		1.1	 SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
		1.2	 COVID-19 as a Systemic Disease
	2	 COVID-Related Severe Respiratory Impairment and V-V ECMO
		2.1	 Cytokine Storm
		2.2	 Laboratory Disorders in SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs V-V ECMO
	3	 Evidence Summary of Available Reports on COVID-19 and ECMO
	4	 Perspective
	5	 Conclusions
	References
COVID-19’s Clinical-Pathological Evidence in Relation to Its Repercussion on the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Pathophysiology
	3	 Neurological Manifestations
	4	 Diagnosis and Complementary Examinations
	5	 Management
	6	 Conclusion
	References
Anatomopathological Aspects and Clinical Correlation of COVID-19: A Systematic Review
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Method
	3	 Results
	4	 Discussion
		4.1	 On the Interaction of SARS-coV-2 with the ACE2 Receptor and its Immunological Implications
		4.2	 Anatomopathological Findings
		4.3	 Clinical Findings
	5	 Conclusion
	References
SARS-CoV-2 Liability: The Hidden Mystery Behind Its Presentation in Children
	1	 Introduction
	2	 COVID-19 and the Pediatric Population
	3	 The Mystery Behind the COVID-19 and Pediatric Clinical Presentations
	4	 A More or Less Potent Immune System in the Pediatric Population
	5	 The Possible Role of Viral Interference in the Pediatric Population
	6	 Gut-Lung Microbiome and Viral Infections
	7	 Cellular Receptors in the Pediatric Population
	8	 The Possible Role of Genetic Susceptibility of COVID-19 Infection
	9	 Asymptomatic Pediatrics and the Viral Load: A Growing Concern
	10	 Specific Groups of Pediatrics and COVID-19
	11	 Future Prospective and Conclusion Remarks
	References