Coronal Mass Ejections

Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
1. WHAT "WHITE LIGHT" OBSERVATIONS TELL US......Page 9
2. WHAT SHORT WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS TELL US......Page 11
3. WHAT NO OBSERVATIONS TELL US......Page 13
REFERENCES......Page 15
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 16
MORE RECENT RESULTS FROM ORBITING CORONAGRAPHS......Page 17
CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS IN THE SOLAR WIND: RESULTS FROM IN SITU OBSERVATIONS......Page 18
CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS AND LARGE GEOMAGNETIC STORMS......Page 19
REFERENCES......Page 20
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 24
2. LASCO INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION......Page 25
3.1 The CME on January 15, 1996......Page 26
3.2 CME Speeds and Accelerations......Page 27
3.4 Fe XIV Transients......Page 29
4. DISCUSSION......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 32
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 34
2. THE X-RAY VIEW OF THE CORONA......Page 35
3.3 Flare ejecta......Page 36
4. THE "DIMMING SIGNATURE"......Page 37
5. CLASSIFICATION OF X-RAY DIMMING SIGNATURES......Page 39
6. ASSOCIATION OF X-RAY AND WHITE-LIGHT SIGNATURES......Page 40
7. TIMING AND CAUSALITY......Page 41
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 46
2. THE MAGNETIC ORIGIN OF CMEs......Page 47
3. THE REMOVAL OF MAGNETIC FLUX BY CMEs......Page 50
REFERENCES......Page 53
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 55
4. AN ACTIVE SUN EMS......Page 56
4.2. CME History......Page 59
5. FUTURE EMS STUDIES - OBSERVATIONAL DIFFICULTIES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 61
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 62
2. MAGNETIC SHEAR......Page 63
3. AN MHD MODEL OF THE SOLAR CORONA......Page 64
4 DISRUPTION OF AXISYMMETRIC CORONAL ARCADES AND STREAMERS......Page 65
5. DISRUPTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONALCORONAL STREAMERS......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 69
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 70
2.2. Magneto hydrodynamics Forces......Page 72
3.1. Storage-Release of Magnetic Energy Versus Driven Mechanism......Page 75
3 2. Poloidal Flux Injection......Page 76
3.3. Flux Rope Stability......Page 77
4. PHYSICAL OBSERVABLES......Page 79
5. DISCUSSION......Page 81
6. SUMMARY......Page 82
REFERENCES......Page 83
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 87
2. MODELS FOR THE STREAMER AND FLUX-ROPE SYSTEM......Page 88
3. NUMERICAL RESULTS......Page 89
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
1. HOW CAN WE DEFINE 3-D MAGNETIC RECONNECTION?......Page 94
2. QUASI-SEPARATRIX LAYERS......Page 95
3. TOPOLOGY OF TWISTED-FLUX TUBES......Page 97
4. OBSERVATIONS OF TWISTED CONFIGURATIONS......Page 98
5. ERUPTIONS OF TWISTED CONFIGURATIONS......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 101
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 103
2.1 Analytical Approaches......Page 104
2.2 Numerical Approaches......Page 105
3.1 Simple Magnetic Topology Configurations......Page 106
3.2 Fully-Partially Open F ield......Page 107
5. CONCLUSION......Page 108
REFERENCES......Page 110
2. CORONAL EQUILIBRIA......Page 112
3. LINEAR STABILITY......Page 113
4. EVOLUTION THROUGH EQUILIBRIA......Page 115
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 118
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 119
3. RECONNECTION......Page 120
4. EVIDENCE OF HELICAL FLUX ROPES ON THE SUN......Page 121
5. FROM THE CORONA TO MAGNETIC CLOUDS......Page 122
7. FATE OF HELICAL FIELDS......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 126
2. GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ERUPTING CORONAL ARCADES......Page 129
3.1 The Filament Model in its Pre-eruptive State......Page 130
3.2 Changes Predicted in Filament Magnetic Fields During Eruption......Page 134
3.3 Discussion of Predicted Geometric Changes in the Magnetic Fields of Erupting Filaments......Page 135
4, SUMMARY......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 137
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 138
3. ASSOCIATIONS OF MAGNETIC CLOUDS WITH DISAPPEARING FILAMENTS......Page 141
5. FREQUENCY OF SN AND NS MAGNETIC CLOUDS......Page 142
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 146
2. GEOMETRY OF INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FLUX ROPES......Page 147
3. RELATIONS TO FILAMENTS DISAPPEARANCES......Page 149
4. NEW ASPECTS ON THREE-DIMENSIONALSTRUCTURE......Page 152
5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 154
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 156
2. SELF-SIMILAR MODEL OF A MAGNETIC FLUXROPE:A NATURAL EXTENSION OF EARLY STATIC FORCE-FREE CYLINDRICAL MODELS.......Page 159
3. MULTISPACECRAFT OBSERVATIONS OF ONE MAGNETIC CLOUD. THE BEST TEST OF THE MODEL.......Page 162
4. THERMODYNAMIC AND MAGNETIC STRUCTURES OF OLD MAGNETIC CLOUDS OBSERVED AT 4.64 AU AND S. 32.5° BY ULYSSES.ION ACOUSTIC WAVES IN THE MAGNETIC CLOUD......Page 163
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 166
INTRODUCTION......Page 168
METHOD......Page 169
FLUX ROPES......Page 170
SPHEROMAKS......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 175
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 176
2. TWO MODELS OF MAGNETIC CLOUDS......Page 177
3. RADIAL, SELF-SIMILAR EXPANSION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES; EXACT MHD SOLUTIONS......Page 178
4-4 The thermodynamic structure......Page 180
5 SIMULATION RESULTS; COMPARISON OF SIMULATION AND ANALYTICAL CONCLUSIONS......Page 182
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 184
REFERENCES......Page 186
2. PARTICLE DEPRESSIONS IN EJECTA......Page 188
4. BIDIRECTIONAL PARTICLE FLOWS......Page 191
5. SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS OBSERVED INSIDE EJECTA......Page 192
6. SUMMARY......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 196
3. STUDY OF CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS......Page 197
4.1. Polar Rain......Page 199
4.3. Hie Svalgaard-Mansurov Effect......Page 200
4.5. The Differential Flow AV = Va - Vp......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 202
INTRODUCTION......Page 204
CMEs AND FLARES......Page 205
CMEs AND CORONAL SHOCKS......Page 206
PRESENT STATUS......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 211
2. IMPULSIVE AND GRADUAL EVENTS......Page 215
3. IMPULSIVE-FLARE EVENTS......Page 217
4.1 Shock Acceleration Profiles......Page 218
4.3 Multi-Spacecraft Observations......Page 219
4 4 Probing the Magnetic Cloud......Page 221
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
1. INTRODUCTION TO SHOCK ACCELERATION......Page 225
2. SHOCK ACCELERATION OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES?......Page 227
3. DISCUSSION......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 231
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 233
2.1. Early History......Page 234
3.1. Density and Density Fluctuations......Page 235
3.2. Magnetic Field......Page 237
4. MEASUREMENTS BEYOND 0.5 AU......Page 238
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 240
Particle and Field Signatures of Coronal Mass Ejections in the Solar Wind......Page 243
REFERENCES......Page 247
1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CMES IN THE SOLAR WIND......Page 250
2.1 Elemental Composition Relative to Protons......Page 251
3. CHARGE STATE COMPOSITION SIGNATURES......Page 252
6. LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 256
OVERVIEW OF T H E PHYSICAL PHENOMENON......Page 258
2. Background into which CME flows......Page 260
4. Geomagnetic Considerations......Page 261
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 262
3. Simulation Needs......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 264
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 265
2. METHODOLOGY......Page 266
3. COMPARISONS WITH CORONAL AND HELIOSPHERIC DATA......Page 267
4. A MODEL OF THE CORONA AND INNER HELIOSPHERE AT SOLAR MINIMUM......Page 269
5. MODELING CME INITIATION AND PROPAGATION......Page 270
6. SUMMARY......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 274
2 BACKGROUND SOLAR WIND STRUCTURE......Page 276
3. THE GEOEFFECTIVENESS OF CIRS......Page 278
4. THE ROLE OF CMES.......Page 279
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 283
2. GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES:SPACE WEATHER'S STORMS......Page 285
3. INTERPLANETARY DISTURBANCES......Page 286
4. THE INTTERPLANETARY/GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE CONNECTION......Page 288
5. CME GOALS FOR THE SPACE WEATHER PROGRAM......Page 289
Observations......Page 290
6. WHAT WE CAN DO NOW......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 293