Core Principles of Maritime Navigation

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Image Attributions
List of abbreviations
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author’s note
Chapter 1: Wind, depth and waves
	Underway with the wind from right astern
	Underway with wind from abeam
	Underway with the wind on the bow
	Underway with the wind on the quarter
	Under sternway
	Ocean currents
	Ship’s squat
	Shallow waters
	How waves are formed
	Types of waves
Chapter 2: Navigation marks and buoys
	Lateral marks
	Cardinal marks
	Isolated danger marks
	Safe water marks
	Special marks
	Emergency wreck marking buoy
	Traffic separation schemes
	Notes
Chapter 3: Navigation systems and equipment
	Navigation equipment and aids
		Gyro compass
		Magnetic compass
		Binnacle
		Navigational Telex (NAVTEX)
		How NAVTEX works
		Format of NAVTEX messages
		Practical advice
	Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)
	Automatic tracking aid
	Speed and distance log device
	Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver
	Echo sounder
	Long-Range Identification and Tracking System (LRIT)
	Rudder angle indicator
	Rate of turn indicator
	Voyage Data Recorder (VDR)
	Transmitting Heading Device
	Sound reception system
	Ship’s whistle
	Daylight signalling lamp
	Pilot card
	Fo’c’sle bell
	Manoeuvring booklet
	Record of navigational activities
	Record of maintenance of navigational equipment
	Ships’ flags and indicators
	Celestial navigation
		Sextant
	Navigational lighting
	Wind indicators
Chapter 4: Virtual aids to navigation
	Automatic Identification System (AIS)
		Types of AIS
		How AIS works
		Types of data transmitted by AIS
		AIS as a surveillance tool
		AIS as an aid to avoid collisions
		Limitations of AIS
		Vessel Tracking System (VTS)
		Vessel Monitoring System (VMS)
		Integrated Bridge System (IBS)
	IBS alarm system
		IBS power supply
		IBS and INS
	Bridge Navigational Watch and Alarm System (BNWAS)
	Autopilot
		Rate of turn and rudder limits
		Steering gear pumps
		Off-course alarm
		Manual mode
		Traffic density
		Speed
		Weather conditions
		Gyro compass
		Important alarms and signals
		Important limitations
Chapter 5: Marine radar
	How marine radar is used
	How radar and ARPA complement each other
		Working of ARPA
	SOLAS requirements for radar and ARPA
	Principles of radar watchkeeping
	Basic radar settings and configurations
	The OOW duties when handling the ship’s radar
	Effective radar techniques
	Adjusting the radar settings to personal preference
		Range measurement
		Bearing measurement
		Gain
		Off-centre display
		Target trails
		Parallel index lines
		Heading, speed and course
		Brilliance
		Watch alarm
		Vector mode
		Last position
		Marks
		Target tracking and AIS data box
		Presentation modes
Chapter 6: Electronic chart and display information system
	Benefits of ECDIS
	Disadvantages of ECDIS
	Regulations and IMO performance standards for ECDIS
	Types of ECDIS charts
	Basic ECDIS settings and system requirements
	Keeping ECDIS up to date
	Procuring ECDIS charts
	Using ECDIS
		Importing and downloading the permit
		Updating ECDIS
		Using the Admiralty Information Overlay (AIO)
		Setting the safety contour
		Safety depth settings
		Zones of Confidence
		Shallow contour
		Water contour setting
		Daytime and night-time settings
		Watch vector and anti-grounding function
Chapter 7: Ship handling in challenging conditions
	Factors that make navigating congested waters difficult
	Duties of the OOW when navigating congested waters
	Maritime chokepoints
	Narrow channels and specific hazards for ships
	Responding to prevailing traffic
		Bank effect and suction
		Current
	Effective communications
		Effective bridge-to-VTS communications
		Effective bridge-to-bridge communications
		Effective bridge-to-engine control room communications
	Accurate plotting when transiting narrow channels
	Turning points
	High and low speeds
	Using the bow thrusters
	Restricted visibility
		Main actions when transiting through limited visibility
	Heavy weather and rough seas
	Parametric rolling
		Effects of parametric rolling
		What to do in the event of parametric rolling
	Tropical Revolving Storms (TRS)
	Course of actions to be taken in case of a storm
		Northern hemisphere
		Southern hemisphere
		In port
	Icepacks and icy waters
		Manoeuvring in ice
		Posting a lookout
		Caring for the engine
		Navigating through ice at night
		Anchoring in ice
	Navigational warnings
		Navigational warnings from Inmarsat C
		Navigational warnings from Chartco
	Rogue waves
		Rogue waves and the effects on ships
			Bow slamming
			Propagation of cracks
			Buckling of plates
			Ultimate failure
		Inclusion of rogue wave behaviour in structural formulae
		Navigational measures and bridge actions
Chapter 8: Passage planning
	Navigational charts
		UKHO and foreign charts
		Chart scales
		Small-scale charts
		Large-scale charts
		Chart notes
		Chart symbols
		Chart corrections
	Steps to passage planning
		Appraise the passage plan
		Preparation
		Execution
		Monitoring
	Dead reckoning
	Parallel indexing
	GPS fixes
	Radar fixes
	Visual fixes
	Position circle and position line
	Chart corrections
	Chart correction software and computerised charts
	Notices to Mariners
		Weekly Notices to Mariners
		Cumulative Notices to Mariners
		Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners
		Navarea warnings
		NAVTEX warnings
	Notes
Chapter 9: Officer of the Watch
	Taking over the watch
		Checking traffic density
		Weather conditions and night vision
		Bridge equipment and dimmers
		Logbooks, checklists, and daily orders
		Readiness of the lookout and helmsman
		Miscellaneous activities on deck or in the engine room
	Duties of the OOW after taking over the watch
	Different entries to be made in the ship’s logbook
	Standing and night orders
	Common mistakes ship navigators make that can lead to accidents
	Operating the main engines from the bridge
	Crash astern
Chapter 10: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
	Types of GMDSS communications equipment
	SAR signalling equipment
	Non-pyrotechnic distress signals
Chapter 11: Anchorage
	Operating the windlass
	Visually checking the anchor and its chain
	Shackle tracking
	Reporting
	Safety considerations during anchoring operations
	Duties of the OOW when anchoring
		Calculating the swinging circle
		Keeping a visual on traffic in the vicinity
		Keep a constant check on the ship’s position
		Display appropriate lights
		Keep a constant VHF watch
		Alert nearby vessels when required
	Dragging anchor
		How to assess whether the vessel is dragging anchor
		What actions are to be taken if the vessel has started dragging anchor?
Chapter 12: Maritime pilot
	Role and function of the maritime pilot
	Preparing to receive the pilot on board
		Maintain communications between the vessel, VTS and the pilot
	Preparing for the pilot to board
	Rigging the pilot ladder
		Real Life Incident
	Maintaining the pilot ladder
	Once the pilot is on board
	Duties of the OOW
	Systems and tools used by the pilot
		Electronic Nautical Charts (ENC)
	Procedure for ‘Pilot Away’
	Notes
Chapter 13: Mooring and berthing
	Berthing plans
	Objectives of the berthing plan
	Factors that influence berthing plans
	Sample berthing plan and detailed explanation
	The digitisation and automation of berthing plans
	Mooring operations
	Anchoring
	Mooring buoys
	Types of mooring
		Mediterranean mooring
		Baltic mooring
		Single point mooring
		Conventional buoy mooring
		Ship to Ship Mooring
		Running and standing mooring
	Tugboat operations
		Conventional tugs
		Tractor tugs
		Azimuth Stern Drive (ASD) tugs
		Other types of tugboats
	Berthing manoeuvres
		Turning the ship
		Tug escort and support
		Berthing the ship
	Notes
Index