Core Java

Title Page
Contents
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Java
	1.1 Java as a Programming Platform
	1.2 The Java “White Paper” Buzzwords
		1.2.1 Simple
		1.2.2 Object-Oriented
		1.2.3 Distributed
		1.2.4 Robust
		1.2.5 Secure
		1.2.6 Architecture-Neutral
		1.2.7 Portable
		1.2.8 Interpreted
		1.2.9 High-Performance
		1.2.10 Multithreaded
		1.2.11 Dynamic
	1.3 Java Applets and the Internet
	1.4 A Short History of Java
	1.5 Common Misconceptions about Java
Chapter 2: The Java Programming Environment
	2.1 Installing the Java Development Kit
		2.1.1 Downloading the JDK
		2.1.2 Setting up the JDK
		2.1.3 Installing Source Files and Documentation
	2.2 Using the Command-Line Tools
	2.3 Using an Integrated Development Environment
	2.4 JShell
Chapter 3: Fundamental Programming Structures in Java
	3.1 A Simple Java Program
	3.2 Comments
	3.3 Data Types
		3.3.1 Integer Types
		3.3.2 Floating-Point Types
		3.3.3 The char Type
		3.3.4 Unicode and the char Type
		3.3.5 The boolean Type
	3.4 Variables and Constants
		3.4.1 Declaring Variables
		3.4.2 Initializing Variables
		3.4.3 Constants
		3.4.4 Enumerated Types
	3.5 Operators
		3.5.1 Arithmetic Operators
		3.5.2 Mathematical Functions and Constants
		3.5.3 Conversions between Numeric Types
		3.5.4 Casts
		3.5.5 Assignment
		3.5.6 Increment and Decrement Operators
		3.5.7 Relational and boolean Operators
		3.5.8 The Conditional Operator
		3.5.9 Switch Expressions
		3.5.10 Bitwise Operators
		3.5.11 Parentheses and Operator Hierarchy
	3.6 Strings
		3.6.1 Substrings
		3.6.2 Concatenation
		3.6.3 Strings Are Immutable
		3.6.4 Testing Strings for Equality
		3.6.5 Empty and Null Strings
		3.6.6 Code Points and Code Units
		3.6.7 The String API
		3.6.8 Reading the Online API Documentation
		3.6.9 Building Strings
		3.6.10 Text Blocks
	3.7 Input and Output
		3.7.1 Reading Input
		3.7.2 Formatting Output
		3.7.3 File Input and Output
	3.8 Control Flow
		3.8.1 Block Scope
		3.8.2 Conditional Statements
		3.8.3 Loops
		3.8.4 Determinate Loops
		3.8.5 Multiple Selections with switch
		3.8.6 Statements That Break Control Flow
	3.9 Big Numbers
	3.10 Arrays
		3.10.1 Declaring Arrays
		3.10.2 Accessing Array Elements
		3.10.3 The “for each” Loop
		3.10.4 Array Copying
		3.10.5 Command-Line Parameters
		3.10.6 Array Sorting
		3.10.7 Multidimensional Arrays
		3.10.8 Ragged Arrays
Chapter 4: Objects and Classes
	4.1 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
		4.1.1 Classes
		4.1.2 Objects
		4.1.3 Identifying Classes
		4.1.4 Relationships between Classes
	4.2 Using Predefined Classes
		4.2.1 Objects and Object Variables
		4.2.2 The LocalDate Class of the Java Library
		4.2.3 Mutator and Accessor Methods
	4.3 Defining Your Own Classes
		4.3.1 An Employee Class
		4.3.2 Use of Multiple Source Files
		4.3.3 Dissecting the Employee Class
		4.3.4 First Steps with Constructors
		4.3.5 Declaring Local Variables with var
		4.3.6 Working with null References
		4.3.7 Implicit and Explicit Parameters
		4.3.8 Benefits of Encapsulation
		4.3.9 Class-Based Access Privileges
		4.3.10 Private Methods
		4.3.11 Final Instance Fields
	4.4 Static Fields and Methods
		4.4.1 Static Fields
		4.4.2 Static Constants
		4.4.3 Static Methods
		4.4.4 Factory Methods
		4.4.5 The main Method
	4.5 Method Parameters
	4.6 Object Construction
		4.6.1 Overloading
		4.6.2 Default Field Initialization
		4.6.3 The Constructor with No Arguments
		4.6.4 Explicit Field Initialization
		4.6.5 Parameter Names
		4.6.6 Calling Another Constructor
		4.6.7 Initialization Blocks
		4.6.8 Object Destruction and the finalize Method
	4.7 Records
		4.7.1 The Record Concept
		4.7.2 Constructors: Canonical, Custom, and Compact
	4.8 Packages
		4.8.1 Package Names
		4.8.2 Class Importation
		4.8.3 Static Imports
		4.8.4 Addition of a Class into a Package
		4.8.5 Package Access
		4.8.6 The Class Path
		4.8.7 Setting the Class Path
	4.9 JAR Files
		4.9.1 Creating JAR files
		4.9.2 The Manifest
		4.9.3 Executable JAR Files
		4.9.4 Multi-Release JAR Files
		4.9.5 A Note about Command-Line Options
	4.10 Documentation Comments
		4.10.1 Comment Insertion
		4.10.2 Class Comments
		4.10.3 Method Comments
		4.10.4 Field Comments
		4.10.5 General Comments
		4.10.6 Package Comments
		4.10.7 Comment Extraction
	4.11 Class Design Hints
Chapter 5: Inheritance
	5.1 Classes, Superclasses, and Subclasses
		5.1.1 Defining Subclasses
		5.1.2 Overriding Methods
		5.1.3 Subclass Constructors
		5.1.4 Inheritance Hierarchies
		5.1.5 Polymorphism
		5.1.6 Understanding Method Calls
		5.1.7 Preventing Inheritance: Final Classes and Methods
		5.1.8 Casting
		5.1.9 Pattern Matching for instanceof
		5.1.10 Protected Access
	5.2 Object: The Cosmic Superclass
		5.2.1 Variables of Type Object
		5.2.2 The equals Method
		5.2.3 Equality Testing and Inheritance
		5.2.4 The hashCode Method
		5.2.5 The toString Method
	5.3 Generic Array Lists
		5.3.1 Declaring Array Lists
		5.3.2 Accessing Array List Elements
		5.3.3 Compatibility between Typed and Raw Array Lists
	5.4 Object Wrappers and Autoboxing
	5.5 Methods with a Variable Number of Parameters
	5.6 Abstract Classes
	5.7 Enumeration Classes
	5.8 Sealed Classes
	5.9 Reflection
		5.9.1 The Class Class
		5.9.2 A Primer on Declaring Exceptions
		5.9.3 Resources
		5.9.4 Using Reflection to Analyze the Capabilities of Classes
		5.9.5 Using Reflection to Analyze Objects at Runtime
		5.9.6 Using Reflection to Write Generic Array Code
		5.9.7 Invoking Arbitrary Methods and Constructors
	5.10 Design Hints for Inheritance
Chapter 6: Interfaces, Lambda Expressions, and Inner Classes
	6.1 Interfaces
		6.1.1 The Interface Concept
		6.1.2 Properties of Interfaces
		6.1.3 Interfaces and Abstract Classes
		6.1.4 Static and Private Methods
		6.1.5 Default Methods
		6.1.6 Resolving Default Method Conflicts
		6.1.7 Interfaces and Callbacks
		6.1.8 The Comparator Interface
		6.1.9 Object Cloning
	6.2 Lambda Expressions
		6.2.1 Why Lambdas?
		6.2.2 The Syntax of Lambda Expressions
		6.2.3 Functional Interfaces
		6.2.4 Method References
		6.2.5 Constructor References
		6.2.6 Variable Scope
		6.2.7 Processing Lambda Expressions
		6.2.8 More about Comparators
	6.3 Inner Classes
		6.3.1 Use of an Inner Class to Access Object State
		6.3.2 Special Syntax Rules for Inner Classes
		6.3.3 Are Inner Classes Useful? Actually Necessary? Secure?
		6.3.4 Local Inner Classes
		6.3.5 Accessing Variables from Outer Methods
		6.3.6 Anonymous Inner Classes
		6.3.7 Static Inner Classes
	6.4 Service Loaders
	6.5 Proxies
		6.5.1 When to Use Proxies
		6.5.2 Creating Proxy Objects
		6.5.3 Properties of Proxy Classes
Chapter 7: Exceptions, Assertions, and Logging
	7.1 Dealing with Errors
		7.1.1 The Classification of Exceptions
		7.1.2 Declaring Checked Exceptions
		7.1.3 How to Throw an Exception
		7.1.4 Creating Exception Classes
	7.2 Catching Exceptions
		7.2.1 Catching an Exception
		7.2.2 Catching Multiple Exceptions
		7.2.3 Rethrowing and Chaining Exceptions
		7.2.4 The finally Clause
		7.2.5 The try-with-Resources Statement
		7.2.6 Analyzing Stack Trace Elements
	7.3 Tips for Using Exceptions
	7.4 Using Assertions
		7.4.1 The Assertion Concept
		7.4.2 Assertion Enabling and Disabling
		7.4.3 Using Assertions for Parameter Checking
		7.4.4 Using Assertions for Documenting Assumptions
	7.5 Logging
		7.5.1 Basic Logging
		7.5.2 Advanced Logging
		7.5.3 Changing the Log Manager Configuration
		7.5.4 Localization
		7.5.5 Handlers
		7.5.6 Filters
		7.5.7 Formatters
		7.5.8 A Logging Recipe
	7.6 Debugging Tips
Chapter 8: Generic Programming
	8.1 Why Generic Programming?
		8.1.1 The Advantage of Type Parameters
		8.1.2 Who Wants to Be a Generic Programmer?
	8.2 Defining a Simple Generic Class
	8.3 Generic Methods
	8.4 Bounds for Type Variables
	8.5 Generic Code and the Virtual Machine
		8.5.1 Type Erasure
		8.5.2 Translating Generic Expressions
		8.5.3 Translating Generic Methods
		8.5.4 Calling Legacy Code
	8.6 Restrictions and Limitations
		8.6.1 Type Parameters Cannot Be Instantiated with Primitive Types
		8.6.2 Runtime Type Inquiry Only Works with Raw Types
		8.6.3 You Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types
		8.6.4 Varargs Warnings
		8.6.5 You Cannot Instantiate Type Variables
		8.6.6 You Cannot Construct a Generic Array
		8.6.7 Type Variables Are Not Valid in Static Contexts of Generic Classes
		8.6.8 You Cannot Throw or Catch Instances of a Generic Class
		8.6.9 You Can Defeat Checked Exception Checking
		8.6.10 Beware of Clashes after Erasure
	8.7 Inheritance Rules for Generic Types
	8.8 Wildcard Types
		8.8.1 The Wildcard Concept
		8.8.2 Supertype Bounds for Wildcards
		8.8.3 Unbounded Wildcards
		8.8.4 Wildcard Capture
	8.9 Reflection and Generics
		8.9.1 The Generic Class Class
		8.9.2 Using Class Parameters for Type Matching
		8.9.3 Generic Type Information in the Virtual Machine
		8.9.4 Type Literals
Chapter 9: Collections
	9.1 The Java Collections Framework
		9.1.1 Separating Collection Interfaces and Implementation
		9.1.2 The Collection Interface
		9.1.3 Iterators
		9.1.4 Generic Utility Methods
	9.2 Interfaces in the Collections Framework
	9.3 Concrete Collections
		9.3.1 Linked Lists
		9.3.2 Array Lists
		9.3.3 Hash Sets
		9.3.4 Tree Sets
		9.3.5 Queues and Deques
		9.3.6 Priority Queues
	9.4 Maps
		9.4.1 Basic Map Operations
		9.4.2 Updating Map Entries
		9.4.3 Map Views
		9.4.4 Weak Hash Maps
		9.4.5 Linked Hash Sets and Maps
		9.4.6 Enumeration Sets and Maps
		9.4.7 Identity Hash Maps
	9.5 Copies and Views
		9.5.1 Small Collections
		9.5.2 Unmodifiable Copies and Views
		9.5.3 Subranges
		9.5.4 Checked Views
		9.5.5 Synchronized Views
		9.5.6 A Note on Optional Operations
	9.6 Algorithms
		9.6.1 Why Generic Algorithms?
		9.6.2 Sorting and Shuffling
		9.6.3 Binary Search
		9.6.4 Simple Algorithms
		9.6.5 Bulk Operations
		9.6.6 Converting between Collections and Arrays
		9.6.7 Writing Your Own Algorithms
	9.7 Legacy Collections
		9.7.1 The Hashtable Class
		9.7.2 Enumerations
		9.7.3 Property Maps
		9.7.4 Stacks
		9.7.5 Bit Sets
Chapter 10: Graphical User Interface Programming
	10.1 A History of Java User Interface Toolkits
	10.2 Displaying Frames
		10.2.1 Creating a Frame
		10.2.2 Frame Properties
	10.3 Displaying Information in a Component
		10.3.1 Working with 2D Shapes
		10.3.2 Using Color
		10.3.3 Using Fonts
		10.3.4 Displaying Images
	10.4 Event Handling
		10.4.1 Basic Event Handling Concepts
		10.4.2 Example: Handling a Button Click
		10.4.3 Specifying Listeners Concisely
		10.4.4 Adapter Classes
		10.4.5 Actions
		10.4.6 Mouse Events
		10.4.7 The AWT Event Hierarchy
	10.5 The Preferences API
Chapter 11: User Interface Components with Swing
	11.1 Swing and the Model-View-Controller Design Pattern
	11.2 Introduction to Layout Management
		11.2.1 Layout Managers
		11.2.2 Border Layout
		11.2.3 Grid Layout
	11.3 Text Input
		11.3.1 Text Fields
		11.3.2 Labels and Labeling Components
		11.3.3 Password Fields
		11.3.4 Text Areas
		11.3.5 Scroll Panes
	11.4 Choice Components
		11.4.1 Checkboxes
		11.4.2 Radio Buttons
		11.4.3 Borders
		11.4.4 Combo Boxes
		11.4.5 Sliders
	11.5 Menus
		11.5.1 Menu Building
		11.5.2 Icons in Menu Items
		11.5.3 Checkbox and Radio Button Menu Items
		11.5.4 Pop-Up Menus
		11.5.5 Keyboard Mnemonics and Accelerators
		11.5.6 Enabling and Disabling Menu Items
		11.5.7 Toolbars
		11.5.8 Tooltips
	11.6 Sophisticated Layout Management
		11.6.1 The Grid Bag Layout
		11.6.2 Custom Layout Managers
	11.7 Dialog Boxes
		11.7.1 Option Dialogs
		11.7.2 Creating Dialogs
		11.7.3 Data Exchange
		11.7.4 File Dialogs
Chapter 12: Concurrency
	12.1 What Are Threads?
	12.2 Thread States
		12.2.1 New Threads
		12.2.2 Runnable Threads
		12.2.3 Blocked and Waiting Threads
		12.2.4 Terminated Threads
	12.3 Thread Properties
		12.3.1 Interrupting Threads
		12.3.2 Daemon Threads
		12.3.3 Thread Names
		12.3.4 Handlers for Uncaught Exceptions
		12.3.5 Thread Priorities
	12.4 Synchronization
		12.4.1 An Example of a Race Condition
		12.4.2 The Race Condition Explained
		12.4.3 Lock Objects
		12.4.4 Condition Objects
		12.4.5 The synchronized Keyword
		12.4.6 Synchronized Blocks
		12.4.7 The Monitor Concept
		12.4.8 Volatile Fields
		12.4.9 Final Variables
		12.4.10 Atomics
		12.4.11 Deadlocks
		12.4.12 Why the stop and suspend Methods Are Deprecated
		12.4.13 On-Demand Initialization
		12.4.14 Thread-Local Variables
	12.5 Thread-Safe Collections
		12.5.1 Blocking Queues
		12.5.2 Efficient Maps, Sets, and Queues
		12.5.3 Atomic Update of Map Entries
		12.5.4 Bulk Operations on Concurrent Hash Maps
		12.5.5 Concurrent Set Views
		12.5.6 Copy on Write Arrays
		12.5.7 Parallel Array Algorithms
		12.5.8 Older Thread-Safe Collections
	12.6 Tasks and Thread Pools
		12.6.1 Callables and Futures
		12.6.2 Executors
		12.6.3 Controlling Groups of Tasks
		12.6.4 The Fork-Join Framework
	12.7 Asynchronous Computations
		12.7.1 Completable Futures
		12.7.2 Composing Completable Futures
		12.7.3 Long-Running Tasks in User Interface Callbacks
	12.8 Processes
		12.8.1 Building a Process
		12.8.2 Running a Process
		12.8.3 Process Handles
Appendix