Coordinated Multi-Point in Mobile Communications: From Theory to Practice

Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Contriburs......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 19
List of Abbreviations......Page 20
Nomenclature and Notation......Page 26
Part I Motivation and Basics......Page 29
1.1 Motivation......Page 31
1.3 Classes of CoMP Considered......Page 33
1.4 Outline of this Book......Page 34
2.1 The Mobile Internet - A Success Sry so far......Page 35
2.2 Requirements on Future Networks and Upcoming Challenges......Page 36
2.3 The Role of CoMP!......Page 37
2.4 The Role of Field Trials......Page 38
3.2 Usage of OFDMA! for Broadband Wireless Communications......Page 39
3.3 Multi-Point Frequency-Flat Baseband Model Considered......Page 41
3.4 Uplink Transmission......Page 42
3.4.1 Basic Uplink Capacity Bounds......Page 43
3.4.3 No Cooperation in the Uplink......Page 45
3.5 Downlink Transmission......Page 47
3.5.1 Basic Downlink Capacity Bounds......Page 48
3.5.3 No Cooperation in the Downlink......Page 50
3.5.4 Numerical Example......Page 51
3.6 Summary......Page 52
4.1.1 Imperfect CSI in the Uplink......Page 53
4.1.2 Imperfect CSI in the Downlink......Page 55
4.2 Gain of Joint Signal Processing under Imperfect CSI!......Page 57
4.3.1 Different Information Exchange and Cooperation Schemes......Page 60
4.3.2 Numerical Results......Page 63
4.4 Degrees of Freedom in Downlink Joint Signal Processing......Page 65
4.5 Summary......Page 66
Part II Practical CoMP! Schemes......Page 67
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 69
5.1.2 Downlink System Model......Page 71
5.1.3 Linear Receivers......Page 72
5.1.4 Imperfect Channel Estimation......Page 73
5.1.5 Resource Allocation and Fair User Selection......Page 74
5.1.6 Single-Cell Performance......Page 76
5.1.7 Multi-Cell Performance under Perfect CSI......Page 78
5.1.8 Multi-Cell Performance under Imperfect CSI......Page 80
5.2 Uplink Joint Scheduling and Cooperative Interference Prediction......Page 82
5.3 Downlink Coordinated Beamforming......Page 96
6.1.1 Introduction......Page 109
6.1.2 Joint Detection Algorithms......Page 110
6.1.3 Local BS Processing with Limited Backhaul Constraint......Page 115
6.1.4 Local or Partial Decoding with Limited Backhaul Constraint......Page 118
6.1.5 Provisions for Uplink Joint Processing in WiMax and LTE......Page 120
6.1.6 Summary......Page 121
6.2 Uplink Decentralized Joint Detection......Page 122
6.2.1 Practical Decentralized Interference Cancelation Scheme......Page 123
6.2.2 Performance Assessment......Page 132
6.3 DL Distributed CoMP! Approaching Centralized Joint Transmission......Page 136
6.3.1 System Model......Page 138
6.3.2 Theoretical Limits for Static Clustering and DPC......Page 139
6.3.3 Practical (Linear) Precoding......Page 141
6.3.4 Scheme for Distributed, Centralized Joint Transmission......Page 143
6.4 Downlink Decentralized Multi-User Transmission......Page 149
6.4.1 Decentralized Beamforming with Limited CSIT......Page 150
6.4.2 Multi-cell Beamforming with Limited Data Sharing......Page 158
6.4.3 Summary......Page 164
Part III Challenges Connected  CoMP!......Page 165
7 Clustering......Page 167
7.1 Static Clustering Concepts......Page 169
7.1.1 Non-Overlapping Clusters......Page 170
7.1.2 Overlapping Clusters......Page 173
7.1.3 Resulting Geometries......Page 174
7.2.1 Self-Organizing Network Concepts in 3GPP LTE......Page 176
7.2.2 Adaptive Clustering Algorithms......Page 177
7.2.3 Simulation Results......Page 180
7.2.4 Signaling and Control Procedures......Page 185
7.3 Summary......Page 187
8.1.1 Synchronization Terminology......Page 189
8.1.2 Network Synchronization......Page 191
8.1.3 Satellite-Based Synchronization......Page 193
8.1.4 Endogenous Distributed Wireless Carrier Synchronization......Page 194
8.1.5 Summary......Page 197
8.2 Imperfect Sync in Time: Perf. Degradation and Compensation......Page 198
8.2.1 MIMO OFDM Transmission with Asynchronous Interference......Page 201
8.2.2 Interf.-Aware Multi-User Joint Detection and Transmission......Page 204
8.2.3 System Level SINR Analysis......Page 206
8.3 Imperfect Sync in Frequency: Perf. Degradation and Compensation......Page 209
8.3.1 Downlink Analysis......Page 210
8.3.2 Uplink Analysis......Page 217
8.3.3 Summary......Page 220
9.1 Channel Estimation for CoMP!......Page 221
9.1.1 Channel Estimation - Single Link......Page 222
9.1.2 Channel Estimation for CoMP......Page 230
9.1.3 Multi-Cell Channel Estimation......Page 232
9.1.4 Uplink Channel Estimation......Page 234
9.2 Channel State Information Feedback  the Transmitter......Page 236
9.2.1 Transmission Model......Page 238
9.2.3 Channel Vector Quantization (CVQ)......Page 239
9.2.4 Minimum Euclidean Distance Based CVQ......Page 241
9.2.5 Maximum SINR Based CVQ......Page 242
9.2.6 Pseudo-Maximum SINR based CVQ......Page 243
9.2.9 Simulation Results......Page 244
9.2.10 Summary......Page 246
10.1 Robust and Flexible Base Station Precoding Implementation......Page 247
10.1.1 System Model......Page 248
10.1.2 Transmit Filter Eigendecomposition......Page 249
10.1.3 Transmit Filter Computations......Page 250
10.1.4 The Order-Recursive Filter in Details......Page 252
10.1.5 Example: SINR as Function of the Condition Number......Page 254
10.2 Low-Complexity Terminal-Side Receiver Implementation......Page 255
10.2.1 Introduction to Interference Rejection Combining (IRC)......Page 256
10.2.2 Performance Study on IRC with Known Channel and Interference Covariance......Page 259
10.2.3 Implementation Losses from Imperfect Channel Estimation......Page 261
10.2.4 Implementation Losses from Spatial Interference-and-Noise Covariance Estimation......Page 265
10.2.6 Summary......Page 269
11.1.1 Introduction......Page 271
11.1.2 System Model......Page 272
11.1.3 Centralized Scheduling Problems......Page 274
11.1.4 Analyses and Results......Page 279
11.2 Decentralized Radio Link Control and Inter-BS! Signaling......Page 282
11.2.1 Resource Allocation......Page 283
11.2.2 Link Adaptation......Page 284
11.2.3 Radio Link Measurements......Page 285
11.2.4 Uplink Power Control......Page 286
11.2.6 HARQ-related Timing Constraints for UL CoMP......Page 287
11.2.8 Inter-BS Signaling......Page 290
11.3 Ad-hoc CoMP!......Page 294
11.3.1 Introduction......Page 295
11.3.2 Ad-Hoc CoMP With More Accurate CSI......Page 297
11.3.3 Ad-Hoc CoMP with CSI Impairments......Page 301
11.3.4 Ad-Hoc CoMP and HARQ......Page 303
11.3.5 Summary......Page 304
12.1 Fund. Limits of Interf. Mitigation with Limited Backhaul Coop.......Page 305
12.1.1 Introduction......Page 306
12.1.2 Uplink Scenario: Receiver Cooperation......Page 309
12.1.3 Downlink Scenario: Transmitter Cooperation......Page 314
12.1.4 UL-DL Reciprocity and Generalized Degrees of Freedom......Page 315
12.2.1 Types of Backhaul Data and Scaling Laws......Page 319
12.2.2 Specific Backhaul Requirements of Exemplary CoMP Schemes......Page 322
12.2.4 Backhaul Topology Considerations......Page 328
12.3 CoMP! Backhaul Infrastructure Concepts......Page 329
12.3.1 Ethernet......Page 330
12.3.2 Passive Optical Network......Page 331
12.3.3 Digital Subscriber Line......Page 333
12.3.6 Backhaul Topology Concepts......Page 335
12.3.7 Summary......Page 338
Part IV Performance Assessment......Page 339
13.1 Real-time Impl. and Trials of Adv. Receivers and UL CoMP!......Page 341
13.1.2 Uplink Successive Interference Cancelation (SIC) Receiver......Page 342
13.1.3 Uplink Macro Diversity Trials with Distributed RRHs......Page 345
13.2 Assessing the Gain of Uplink CoMP! in a Large-Scale Field Trial......Page 347
13.2.1 Measurement Setup......Page 348
13.2.2 Signal Processing Architecture and Evaluation Concept......Page 349
13.2.4 Channel Equalization......Page 350
13.2.5 Field Trial Results......Page 353
13.2.6 Summary......Page 358
13.3 Real-time Implementation and Field Trials for Downlink CoMP!......Page 359
13.3.1 Introduction......Page 360
13.3.2 Enabling Features......Page 362
13.3.3 Real-time Implementation......Page 374
13.3.4 Field Trials......Page 375
13.3.5 Summary......Page 380
13.4.1 Setup and Closed-Loop System Design......Page 381
13.4.2 Measurement and Evaluation Methodology......Page 384
13.4.3 Measurement Campaign......Page 386
13.4.4 Summary......Page 391
13.5 Lessons Learnt Through Field Trials......Page 392
14.1 Simulation and Link-2-System Mapping Methodology......Page 395
14.1.1 General Simulation Assumptions and Modeling......Page 396
14.1.2 Channel Models and Antenna Models......Page 398
14.1.4 Link-to-System Interface......Page 401
14.1.5 Key Performance Indicators......Page 403
14.2 Obtaining Chn. Model Params. via Chn. Sounding or Ray-Tracing......Page 404
14.2.1 Large-Scale-Parameters......Page 405
14.2.3 Ray-Tracing based Parameter Simulation......Page 408
14.2.4 Comparison between Measurements and Ray-Tracing......Page 410
14.3.1 Compared Schemes......Page 415
14.3.2 Simulation Assumptions and Parameters......Page 417
14.3.3 Backhaul Traffic......Page 419
14.3.4 Simulation Results......Page 420
14.3.5 Summary......Page 423
14.4.1 Compared Schemes......Page 424
14.4.2 Simulation Assumptions and Parameters......Page 425
14.4.3 Detailed Analysis of Coordinated Scheduling/Beamforming......Page 426
14.4.5 Simulation Results......Page 434
Acknowledgements......Page 436
Part V Outlook and Conclusions......Page 437
15.1 Using CoMP! for Terminal Localization......Page 439
15.1.1 Localization based on the Signal Propagation Delay......Page 440
15.1.2 Further Localization Methods......Page 444
15.1.3 Localization in B3G Standards......Page 446
15.1.4 Summary......Page 450
15.2.1 Introduction......Page 451
15.2.2 Reference Scenario......Page 452
15.2.3 System and Protocol Description......Page 453
15.2.4 Trade-Offs in Relay Networks......Page 455
15.2.6 Cost/Benefit Trade-Off......Page 456
15.2.7 Energy/Benefit Trade-Off......Page 457
15.2.8 Computation/Transmission Power Trade-Off......Page 458
15.3.1 Introduction......Page 460
15.3.2 Classical Cellular Network Planning and Optimization......Page 461
15.3.3 Physical Characterization of Capacity Gains through CoMP......Page 463
15.3.4 Summary......Page 471
15.4 Energy-Efficiency Aspects of CoMP!......Page 472
15.4.1 System Model......Page 473
15.4.2 Effective Transmission Rates......Page 475
15.4.3 Backhauling......Page 476
15.4.4 Energy Consumption of Cellular Base Stations......Page 477
15.4.5 System Evaluation......Page 479
15.4.6 Summary......Page 481
16.1.1 Most Promising CoMP Schemes and Potential Gains......Page 483
16.1.2 Key Challenges Identified......Page 485
16.2 Conclusions......Page 486
16.2.1 About this Book......Page 487
16.2.2 CoMP’s Place in the LTE-Advanced Roadmap and Beyond......Page 488
References......Page 489
Index......Page 507