Converging media a new introduction to mass communication

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Features......Page 20
Preface......Page 23
 Converging Media, Fifth Edition: An Updated Introduction to Mass Communication......Page 24
 Changes to the Fifth Edition......Page 26
 How the Book Is Organized......Page 27
 Acknowledgments......Page 29
 About the Authors......Page 34
1. Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation......Page 38
 Telephony: Case Study in Convergence......Page 39
 Three Types of Convergence......Page 42
  TECHNOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE......Page 43
  ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE......Page 44
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Jobs......Page 45
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crying in a BMW......Page 46
 Implications of Convergence......Page 47
  MEDIA ORGANIZATION......Page 48
  MEDIA CONTENT......Page 49
  MEDIA USE......Page 51
  MEDIA AUDIENCE......Page 53
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: User-Generated Content: Creativity or Piracy?......Page 54
  ATTITUDES AND VALUES......Page 55
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Interactively Mapping Gun Owners......Page 57
  INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION......Page 58
  MASS COMMUNICATION......Page 59
  MASS COMMUNICATION AND CONVERGENCE......Page 60
  SURVEILLANCE......Page 61
  ENTERTAINMENT......Page 62
  TRANSMISSION MODELS......Page 63
  CRITICAL THEORY AND CULTURAL STUDIES......Page 65
 Television: The Future of Convergence......Page 66
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 68
  FURTHER READING......Page 69
2. Media Literacy in the Digital Age......Page 72
 Education and Media......Page 73
 What Is Media Literacy?......Page 74
  SEMIOTICS......Page 75
  FRAMING......Page 77
 Early Concerns of Media Effects......Page 78
  PRINT MEDIA......Page 79
  RADIO AND RECORDED MUSIC......Page 80
  FILM AND TELEVISION......Page 81
 Implications of Commercial Media......Page 82
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Marshall McLuhan......Page 83
  COMMERCIAL-MEDIA DEBATE......Page 84
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mobile Telephony in the Developing World......Page 85
  CONCENTRATION OF MEDIA OWNERSHIP......Page 86
 Media Bias......Page 88
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: WHEN MEDIA REPORT RAPE ALLEGATIONS......Page 90
 Developing Critical Media-Literacy Skills......Page 91
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: DOS AND DON’TS WHEN EVALUATING ONLINE INFORMATION......Page 92
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 93
  FURTHER READING......Page 95
3. Print Media: BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, AND MAGAZINES......Page 98
  DIFFUSION OF IDEAS AND KNOWLEDGE......Page 99
 Distinctive Functions of Books......Page 100
  MONASTIC SCRIBES......Page 101
  JOHANNES GUTENBERG......Page 102
   Dime Novels......Page 103
   Print-on-Demand......Page 104
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Global Ebook Marketplace......Page 105
 Current Book-Industry Issues......Page 106
 Sales and Readership of Books......Page 107
 Outlook for Books......Page 109
  NATIONAL NEWSPAPERS......Page 110
 History of Newspapers to Today......Page 111
  THE GOLDEN AGE OF NEWSPAPERS......Page 112
 Current Newspaper-Industry Issues......Page 114
   Benefits of Chains......Page 115
 Sales and Readership of Newspapers......Page 116
  ADVERTISING......Page 119
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: FREESHEETS: Freesheets: Riding the Rails of Newspapers’ Future?......Page 120
 Outlook for Newspapers......Page 121
 Distinctive Functions of Magazines......Page 122
 History of Magazines to Today......Page 124
 Sales and Readership of Magazines......Page 125
 Outlook for Magazines......Page 126
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 128
  MEDIA MATTERS......Page 129
  FURTHER READING......Page 130
4. Audio Media: MUSIC RECORDINGS, RADIO......Page 132
 Distinctive Functions of the Recording Industry......Page 133
 History of Recorded Music......Page 134
  ROOTS OF ROCK AND ROLL......Page 135
  REDEFINING ROCK......Page 136
 The Recording Industry Today......Page 137
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Amanda Palmer......Page 139
  CREATION......Page 140
  DISTRIBUTION......Page 141
  DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT AND ILLEGAL FILE SHARING......Page 142
  NEW BUSINESS MODELS EMERGING......Page 143
 What Is Broadcasting?......Page 144
 History of Radio......Page 145
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Mashed-Up and Mixed-Up Musical Ethics......Page 146
  VOICE TRANSMISSION......Page 147
  RADIO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER WWI......Page 148
  FM RADIO, EDWIN HOWARD ARMSTRONG, AND DAVID SARNOFF......Page 149
  THE RISE OF RADIO NETWORKS......Page 150
  CONSOLIDATION IN RADIO STATION OWNERSHIP......Page 151
 The Radio Industry Today......Page 152
 Outlook for the Radio Industry......Page 153
  SATELLITE RADIO......Page 155
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 156
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 157
  FURTHER READING......Page 158
5. Visual Media: PHOTOGRAPHY, MOVIES, AND TELEVISION......Page 160
  HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY......Page 161
 Movies......Page 162
 History of the Movie Industry......Page 163
  SILENT ERA: NEW MEDIUM, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NEW STORYTELLING......Page 164
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: The Photojournalist’s Dilemma: Immersion in Conflict......Page 165
  SOUND AND COLOR......Page 166
   Walt Disney......Page 168
   Louis B. Mayer......Page 169
  THE DIRECTOR AS AUTEUR......Page 170
  TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON MOVIE GENRES......Page 171
  OTHER ENTERTAINMENT SOURCES FOR MOVIES......Page 172
  DVDS AND STREAMING......Page 173
 Movie Industry Today......Page 174
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Kathleen Kennedy......Page 176
 Marketing and Distribution for Movies......Page 177
 Outlook for the Movie Industry......Page 178
 Television......Page 179
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: 3-D Movies: What Will Be the Impact?......Page 180
  MODERN TELEVISION TAKES SHAPE......Page 181
  PROGRAMMING AND GENRE INFLUENCES......Page 182
   Cable Comes of Age......Page 183
   Filling the Nights......Page 184
   Sports......Page 185
   Reality Shows......Page 186
  THE RISE OF FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS......Page 187
  CABLE TV......Page 188
  CABLE SYSTEM STRUCTURE......Page 189
  SATELLITE VERSUS CABLE......Page 190
 Television-Industry Business Model......Page 191
 Outlook for the Television Industry......Page 192
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 193
  FURTHER READING......Page 194
6. Interactive Media: THE INTERNET, VIDEO GAMES, AND AUGMENTED REALITY......Page 196
 Interactivity Defined......Page 197
 Interactive Media Versus Mass Media......Page 198
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: The Internet of Babel......Page 199
  TELEVISION INTERFACES......Page 200
   Computer Mouse......Page 201
  GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES......Page 202
 Historical Development of the Internet and the World Wide Web......Page 203
  INTERNET PROTOCOL......Page 204
  GRAPHICAL WEB BROWSERS......Page 205
  DISTRIBUTION DYNAMICS......Page 206
 Video Games......Page 208
 Historical Development of Video Games......Page 209
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Super Mario......Page 211
 Types of Video Games......Page 212
 Video-Game Industry......Page 215
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Is Playing Video Games Bad for You?......Page 216
 Trends in Video Games......Page 217
 Gamification......Page 218
 Augmented Reality......Page 219
 Ethics of Interactive Media......Page 220
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 221
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 222
  FURTHER READING......Page 223
7. The Impact of Social Media......Page 226
 Defining Social Media......Page 227
  DIALOGIC COMMMUNICATION......Page 228
  SOCIAL PRODUCTION......Page 230
  CONVERSATION......Page 232
  CURATION......Page 233
  COLLABORATION......Page 234
 Types of Social Media......Page 235
  EMAIL......Page 236
  DISCUSSION BOARDS AND WEB FORUMS......Page 237
  CHAT ROOMS......Page 238
  BLOGS AND MICROBLOGS......Page 239
  WIKIS......Page 240
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Jack Dorsey......Page 241
  SOCIAL-NETWORKING SITES......Page 242
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Are We Really Separated by Six Degrees?......Page 246
 Producers and Produsers......Page 247
  REPUTATION, RATINGS, AND TRUST......Page 249
  PRIVACY......Page 250
  TRANSPARENCY......Page 252
  ARE SOCIAL MEDIA MAKING US LESS SOCIAL?......Page 253
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: CYBERBULLYING: Cyberbullying: New Twists on an Old Problem......Page 254
  ARE SOCIAL MEDIA MAKING US DUMBER?......Page 255
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 257
  FURTHER READING......Page 259
8. Journalism: FROM INFORMATION TO PARTICIPATION......Page 262
 What Is News?......Page 263
  NEWS VALUES AND THE ASSOCIATED PRESS......Page 265
  PULITZER AND HEARST: THE CIRCULATION WARS, SENSATIONALISM, AND STANDARDS......Page 266
   Joseph Pulitzer......Page 268
  THE RISE OF ELECTRONIC JOURNALISM......Page 269
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Ida B. Wells......Page 267
   Changes in Television News......Page 270
  THE HUTCHINS COMMISSION AND A FREE AND RESPONSIBLE PRESS......Page 271
  FAIRNESS AND BALANCE IN NEWS COVERAGE......Page 272
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: COVERING ISLAM......Page 273
 From Event to Public Eye: How News Is Created......Page 274
  PRODUCING THE NEWS......Page 275
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: PLATYPUS JOURNALISM: THE FUTURE, OR EVOLUTIONARY DEAD END?......Page 276
  DISTRIBUTING THE NEWS......Page 277
  ALTERNATIVE JOURNALISM......Page 278
  PUBLIC JOURNALISM......Page 279
  CITIZEN JOURNALISM......Page 280
  AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 281
  NONTRADITIONAL SOURCES......Page 283
  ONLINE USER HABITS......Page 285
  CONVERGENCE......Page 286
 The Business of Journalism......Page 287
  SALARIES......Page 288
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 289
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 290
  FURTHER READING......Page 291
9. Advertising and Public Relations: THE POWER OF PERSUASION......Page 294
 Strategic Communications......Page 296
  PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATIONS......Page 297
  THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN PERSUASION......Page 298
  THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADVERTISING......Page 299
   Commercial Television......Page 301
   Internet......Page 302
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Madam C. J. Walker......Page 300
  THE RISE OF BRANDING......Page 303
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: MMORPG, FPS—and IGA......Page 305
  ADVERTISING CHANNELS......Page 306
   Electronic Media......Page 307
   Outdoor......Page 308
   Cookies......Page 309
   Classifieds and Auction Sites......Page 310
   Mobile Advertising......Page 311
   Native Advertising......Page 312
  THE ADVERTISING BUSINESS......Page 313
  ADVERTISING AGENCIES......Page 314
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Hair-Raising Subway Billboard Ad Gets Noticed......Page 315
  THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS......Page 317
  TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS......Page 319
  PR AND MEDIA RELATIONS......Page 320
  PR FIRMS AND THE PR INDUSTRY......Page 321
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: FOOLING MOST OF THE PEOPLE MOST OF THE TIME?.?.?.?DIGITALLY......Page 323
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 325
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 326
  FURTHER READING......Page 327
10. Media Ethics......Page 330
 Ethics, Morals, and Laws......Page 331
   The Golden Rule......Page 332
  DUTIES......Page 333
   Discourse Ethics......Page 334
  CONSEQUENCES......Page 335
   Social Justice......Page 336
  RELATIONSHIPS, OR DIALOGICAL ETHICS......Page 337
  INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mistaken Identity: One Life Lost, Another Ruined......Page 338
   Dialogical Ethics in Action......Page 339
  MORAL RELATIVISM......Page 340
 Issues in Ethical Decision Making......Page 341
 Role of Commercialism in Media Ethics......Page 343
  MEDIA TYPES INFLUENCING CONTENT......Page 344
  PRIVACY RIGHTS VERSUS THE PUBLIC’S RIGHT TO KNOW......Page 345
  VICTIMIZING THE VICTIMS......Page 346
  SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS CODE OF ETHICS......Page 347
  DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING......Page 348
  ADVERTISING CODES OF ETHICS......Page 349
 Ethics in Public Relations......Page 350
  CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN PR......Page 351
  PUBLIC RELATIONS CODES OF ETHICS......Page 352
  STEREOTYPES IN ENTERTAINMENT......Page 353
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 354
  MEDIA MATTERS......Page 355
  FURTHER READING......Page 356
11. Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age......Page 358
 The Legal Framework......Page 359
 The Foundations of Freedom of Expression......Page 360
  NATIONAL SECURITY......Page 361
   Prior Restraint......Page 362
   New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)......Page 363
   Shield Laws......Page 364
  MEDIA PIONEERS: Anthony Lewis......Page 365
   The Censorship of Comics......Page 366
   The Hays Code......Page 367
   Indecent Content......Page 368
   Obscenity......Page 369
  EARLY DAYS AND THE RADIO ACT OF 1912 (1911–1926)......Page 370
  THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT AND SPECTRUM SCARCITY (1934–1995)......Page 371
  THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT AND THE INTERNET (1996–PRESENT)......Page 372
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: The Great Network Neutrality Debate......Page 373
 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)......Page 374
  THE FCC, LICENSE RENEWAL, AND REGULATORY POWER......Page 375
 Regulating Commercial and Political Speech......Page 376
  COMMERCIAL SPEECH......Page 377
   Unclear Regulatory Boundaries......Page 378
   Fairness Doctrine......Page 379
  THE CHILDREN’S TELEVISION ACT......Page 380
 Intellectual Property Rights......Page 381
 Privacy......Page 383
 Legal Issues in the Digital World......Page 384
  DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT......Page 385
  PRIVACY......Page 386
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 387
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 388
  FURTHER READING......Page 389
12. Media Theory and Research......Page 392
 Role of Theory and Research......Page 393
 Media-Effects Research......Page 394
  PAYNE FUND......Page 395
  RADIO’S WIDER IMPACT......Page 396
  TELEVISION AND VIOLENCE......Page 397
   Cultivation Analysis......Page 398
   Third-Person Effect......Page 400
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: HOW FREE IS ACADEMIC FREEDOM?......Page 399
  CRITICISMS OF MEDIA-EFFECTS RESEARCH......Page 401
   Uses and Gratifications......Page 402
   Reception Analysis......Page 403
  FRAMING......Page 404
  IDEOLOGY AND THE CULTURE INDUSTRY......Page 405
 MEDIA PIONEERS: danah boyd......Page 406
  INFORMATION SOCIETY......Page 407
  POLITICAL ECONOMY......Page 408
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Theories Old, Theories New, Theories Borrowed . . .......Page 409
  AGENDA SETTING......Page 410
 New Directions in Media Research......Page 411
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Advertising’s Negative Effects on the Sexes......Page 412
 Media Research: What Type of Science Is It?......Page 413
  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 415
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 417
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 418
  FURTHER READING......Page 419
13. Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age......Page 422
 Journalism and Political Coverage......Page 423
  SOUND BITES AND HORSE RACES......Page 425
  OPINION POLLS......Page 426
 Political Advertising......Page 428
  EFFECTIVENESS OF NEGATIVE ADVERTISING......Page 429
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Can Imagery Lead to Action?......Page 430
  POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS AND ENTERTAINMENT......Page 431
  POLITICAL DEBATES......Page 432
 Social Media and Political Campaigns......Page 433
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Image Is Everything......Page 434
  CHANGES WITH SOCIAL MEDIA......Page 435
  CHANGING RULES FOR POLITICIANS......Page 436
 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crowdsourcing Election Monitoring......Page 437
  DATABASES AND GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY......Page 438
  SMART MOBS......Page 439
 Political Polarization and Media Habits......Page 440
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Bill Adair......Page 441
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 442
  FURTHER READING......Page 443
14. Global Media in the Digital Age......Page 446
  LIBERTARIAN THEORY......Page 448
 ETHICS IN MEDIA: J-ETHINOMICS—TEACHING ETHICS AND ECONOMICS IN JOURNALISM......Page 449
  SOVIET THEORY......Page 450
 The Public, the Public Sphere, and Public Opinion......Page 451
  MEDIA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 453
 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Through a PRISM of Global Surveillance......Page 454
  SEARCHING FOR TRUTH: SELF-CENSORSHIP IN CHINA......Page 455
  THE DIGITAL DIVIDE......Page 457
 Global Media, Local Values......Page 458
  NEW WORLDS—OR CULTURAL IMPERIALISM?......Page 459
  CONVERGENCE AND ITS DISCONTENTS......Page 460
 MEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim......Page 461
  GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA PRODUCTION......Page 462
  GLOBAL MEDIA FLOW......Page 463
   A Neighbo(u)ring Nation......Page 464
  PROMOTING GLOBAL VOICES......Page 465
  CYBERSECURITY AND MEDIA......Page 466
  MEDIA CAREERS......Page 467
  LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD......Page 468
  FURTHER READING......Page 469
Glossary......Page 472
Notes......Page 480
Credits......Page 491
Index......Page 493