Convergence of Mobile and Stationary Next-Generation Networks

CONTENTS......Page 6
PREF ACE......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
ACCESS AND BACKHAUL NETWORKS......Page 15
ROADMAP FOR NEXT GENERATION COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS......Page 17
1.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR NGN AND THE ROLE OF Q o S FOR THE FUTURE INTERNET......Page 18
1.1.1 The E u Q o S System as a Solution to Provide End to End Q o S......Page 21
1.2 PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDA TIONS FOR NGN EVOLUTION......Page 23
1.2.1 Pr oblems to Provide Q o S in an Eff cient Manner......Page 24
1.2.2 Recommendations and Pr oposals to Provide Q o S in NGN......Page 27
1.3 NGN ROADMAP......Page 31
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 35
2.2 T ARGET APPLICATIONS AND MARKET......Page 37
2.3 REQUIREMENTS, CONCEPT , AND TOTAL SYSTEM......Page 39
2.4.1 Communication Pr otocol......Page 41
2.4.2 ID Management......Page 42
2.4.4 Access Contr ol (Authorization)......Page 43
2.4.5 Upload and Download Protocols......Page 44
2.5.1 Backgr ound......Page 45
2.5.2 System Ar chitecture......Page 46
2.5.3 Key Issues......Page 47
2.6.1 Requir ements for Wireless Terminal......Page 54
2.6.2 Intermittent Operation......Page 55
2.6.3 MTCMOS......Page 57
2.6.4 Summary of Low Power Techniques......Page 58
2.7.1 Communication Library in Wired/Wireless Terminals......Page 59
2.7.2 Middlewar e: u TupleSpace......Page 60
2.8.1 Backgr ound of Experiments......Page 64
2.8.2 Wireless Link Design in UL for WAUN......Page 65
2.8.3 Theor etical Evaluation for Reality of 5 k m Outdoor Cell......Page 66
2.8.4 Pr ototype Evaluation......Page 68
2.8.5 Field T est......Page 70
2.9 CONCLUSION......Page 73
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 77
3.2 COPPER BASED ACCESS NETWORKS......Page 78
3.2.1 Copper Plant Overview......Page 79
3.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line Overview......Page 81
3.2.3 Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) Reference Network Architecture......Page 86
3.2.4 Futures......Page 89
3.2.5 Hybrid Fiber/Copper Networks......Page 91
3.3 P ASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS......Page 93
3.3.1 Passive Optical Network Fundamentals......Page 94
3.3.2 Ether net Passive Optical Networks......Page 96
3.3.3 ITU T Passive Optical Networks......Page 103
3.3.4 Resour ce Management in PONs......Page 111
3.3.5 Futur e Trends......Page 113
3.4 HYBRID FIBER COAXIAL NETWORKS......Page 114
3.4.1 Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Network Ar chitecture......Page 115
3.4.2 DOCSIS Standards......Page 116
3.4.3 Futur e Trends......Page 118
3.5 SUMMAR Y......Page 119
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 123
4.2 R......Page 125
4.3.1 R o F Technologies......Page 129
4.3.2 R & F Technologies......Page 130
4.4.1 Integrated EPON and W i MAX......Page 133
4.4.2 Integrated Optical Unidir ectional Fiber Ring and W i F i......Page 134
4.4.3 Integrated Optical Inter connected Bidirectional Fiber Rings and W i F i......Page 135
4.4.5 Integrated Optical Unidir ectional WDM Ring PON s and W i F i WMN......Page 136
4.4.6 Super MAN......Page 138
4.5 TECHNO ECONOMIC EVALUATION......Page 142
4.6 FUTURE CHALLENGES AND IMPERA TIVES......Page 146
4.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 151
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 155
5.1.2 From Legacy Packet Technology to Packet Transport Technology......Page 157
5.2 ETHERNET BACKHAUL NETWORK 5.2.1 Extending Ethernet into Carrier Network......Page 158
5.2.2 Ethernet Operation, Administration, and Management ( ETH OAM )......Page 159
5.2.3 Ether net Protection Switching......Page 165
5.2.4 Provider Backbone Bridge — Traf c Engineering ( PBB TE ).......Page 171
5.3 MPLS BACKHAUL NETWORK 5.3.1 Extending MPLS into Backhaul Network......Page 172
5.3.2 MPLS TP : A Transport Pro le of MPLS Technology......Page 173
5.3.4 A Comparison Between MPLS TP and Ethernet Transport......Page 174
5.4 SUMMAR Y......Page 175
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 177
6.2 MICROWAVE RADIO FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES 6.2.1 Radio Link Budget, System Gain, and A vailability......Page 179
6.2.2 Multipath Fading and Radio Diversity......Page 180
6.2.3 Modulation, Coding, and Spectral Eff ciency......Page 182
6.3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF RADIO TECHNOLOGIES......Page 186
6.3.1 Point to Point and Point to Multipoint Radios......Page 187
6.3.2 Line of Sight and Near/No Line of Sight Radios......Page 188
6.3.3 Licensed and Unlicensed Radios......Page 189
6.4 MICROWAVE RADIO NETWORKS......Page 190
6.4.1 T erms and Def nitions......Page 191
6.4.2 PDH and SDH Radios......Page 192
6.4.3 Ethernet Radio......Page 195
6.5 MOBILE BACKHAUL EVOLUTION AL TERNATIVES......Page 204
6.5.1 The Migration: Evolving to Ether net While Supporting Legacy TDM......Page 205
6.5.3 Packet Only Backhaul......Page 206
6.5.4 Hybrid Backhaul......Page 209
6.5.5 Hybrid Access with Packet Aggr egation......Page 211
6.5.6 Radio Backhaul T opologies......Page 212
WIRELINE TECHNOLOGIES......Page 217
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 219
7.2 HYBRID FIBER/COPPER BASED BROADBAND ACCESS NETWORK......Page 222
7.2.1 Thoughts on Backhaul Solutions......Page 224
7.3 PHYSICAL LAYER TECHNIQUES FOR THE LAST DROP......Page 227
7.3.2 Alter native Mode Signaling......Page 228
7.3.3 Dynamic Spectrum Management......Page 230
7.3.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output Techniques......Page 231
7.4 REGULA TORY AND LEGAL ASPECTS......Page 232
7.4.1 Egr ess......Page 233
7.4.2 Ingr ess......Page 234
7.5 A THROUGHPUT PREDICTION......Page 235
7.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 236
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 241
8.2 ST ANDARDS......Page 242
8.2.1 EPON......Page 244
8.2.2 GPON......Page 245
8.3 TRAFFIC REQUIREMENTS......Page 247
8.4.1 Delay......Page 248
8.4.3 Eff ciency......Page 249
8.4.5 Fair ness......Page 250
8.5 DBA SCHEMES......Page 251
8.5.1 Single Level Scheduling......Page 252
8.5.2 Hierar chical Scheduling......Page 254
8.5.3 Schemes for GPON......Page 259
8.5.4 DBA for Alternative PON Architectures......Page 263
8.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 264
NEXT GENERATION ETHERNET PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS: 10 G EPON......Page 267
9.1 ACRONYMS......Page 268
9.2 10 G EPON ARCHITECTURE......Page 269
9.2.1 Physical Medium Dependent ( PMD ) Sublayer......Page 271
9.2.2 Physical Coding Sublayer ( PCS )......Page 275
9.2.3 Media Independent Interface ( GMII / XGMII )......Page 281
9.2.4 Reconciliation Sublayer ( RS )......Page 284
9.2.5 Media Access Contr ol ( MAC )......Page 287
9.2.7 Extended Discovery Process in 10 G EPON......Page 288
9.3.1 Downstr eam Channel......Page 296
9.3.2 Upstr eam Channel......Page 297
9.4 T ARGET APPLICATIONS FOR 10 G EPON SYSTEMS......Page 298
9.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 299
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 303
10.2 POWER LINE SCENARIOS......Page 305
10.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMP ATIBILITY REGULATIONS......Page 307
10.4 CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 309
10.5 NOISE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 314
10.6 MEAN SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO......Page 316
10.7 PLC TECHNOLOGY OVER VIEW......Page 317
10.7.1 Windowed OFDM Modulation......Page 318
10.7.2 Constellation Mapping......Page 320
10.7.4 Retransmission Schemes......Page 321
10.7.5 Medium Access Contr ol......Page 322
10.7.6 Security......Page 323
10.7.7 Coexistence and Neighboring Network Support......Page 324
10.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 325
POWER LINE COMMUNICATIONS AND SMART GRID......Page 331
11.2 POWER LINE COMMUNICA TIONS ( PLC )......Page 332
11.2.1 Narr owband ( NB ) PLC......Page 333
11.2.2 Br oadband PLC......Page 336
11.2.3 Modulation T echniques......Page 338
11.3 CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER LINES......Page 339
11.3.1 Multipath Channel Model......Page 340
11.3.2 Noise......Page 341
11.3.4 Electr omagnetic Interference ( EMI )......Page 342
11.4.1 Capacitive Coupling and Inductive Coupling......Page 343
11.5 ST ANDARDS......Page 344
11.6.1 System Model......Page 345
11.6.2 Implementation of PLC Network......Page 351
11.7.1 Featur es......Page 355
11.7.2 T echnology......Page 357
11.7.4 Fr om Smart Grids to Energy Internet......Page 358
11.7.7 Pr omises of Future Smart Grids......Page 359
11.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 360
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES AND SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT......Page 363
SIGNALING FOR MULTIMEDIA CONFERENCING IN 4 G : ARCHITECTURE, EVALUATION, AND ISSUES......Page 365
12.1.1 A Brief Overview of 4 G......Page 366
12.1.2 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks......Page 367
12.1.3 Integrated MANET s /3 G Networks......Page 369
12.1.4 Multimedia Confer encing......Page 370
12.2 SIGNALING FOR CONFERENCING IN 4 G......Page 374
12.2.1 Signaling for Confer encing in MANET s......Page 375
12.2.2 Signaling for Conferencing in Integrated MANET s /3 G......Page 381
12.3 OPTIMIZA TION OF SIGNALING SYSTEMS: USING CROSS LAYER DESIGN......Page 384
12.3.1 Performance Issues of Signaling Ar chitectures......Page 385
12.3.2 Cr oss Layer Design for MANET s......Page 387
12.3.3 A Cross Layer Optimization Architecture......Page 389
12.3.4 Optimization Schemes......Page 390
12.4 SUMMARY......Page 394
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 399
13.2.1 System Ar chitecture......Page 401
13.2.2 MAC Layer Overview......Page 402
13.3 CHALLENGES AND RELATED WORK......Page 403
13.4.1 Decision Pr oblem of CR Network......Page 406
13.4.2 Self Coexistence Game Analysis......Page 407
13.5 RISK OF PRIMAR Y USER EMULATION ATTACK......Page 409
13.6.1 Self Coexistence Strategy Evaluation......Page 413
13.6.2 Primary User Emulation Attack......Page 414
13.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 415
14.1.1 IEEE 802.16 and the W i MAX Forum......Page 421
14.1.2 Mobile Br oadband Wireless Access and 3 G Cellular......Page 422
14.1.3 The IEEE 802 Standards Committee......Page 423
14.1.4 PHY and MAC Components of a Broadband Mobile AirInterface Standard......Page 426
14.1.6 Mobile Versus Fixed W i MAX......Page 427
14.2 MAC OVERVIEW......Page 430
14.2.1 MAC and PHY Protocol/Service Data Units ( PDU / SDU )......Page 431
14.2.2 Scheduling V ersus Collision Avoidance......Page 432
14.2.3 Quality of Service ( Q o S )......Page 433
14.2.4 Network Entry......Page 434
14.2.5 Mobility Management: Handover......Page 437
14.3 PHY OVERVIEW......Page 438
14.3.1 Uplink/Downlink Duplexing......Page 439
14.3.2 OFDM and OFDMA......Page 442
14.3.4 Scalable OFDMA ( SOFDMA )......Page 445
14.3.5 Radio Resour ce Management and Subchannel Utilization......Page 448
14.3.6 Error Control......Page 453
14.3.7 PHY MIMO Techniques......Page 455
ULTRA WIDEBAND PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS: MIMO EXTENSIONS......Page 465
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 466
15.2 UL TRA WIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS......Page 467
15.2.2 Multiband UWB......Page 469
15.2.3 OFDM......Page 470
15.2.4 Multiband OFDM......Page 471
15.2.5 Interfer ence Detection and Avoidance in UWB......Page 472
15.3.1 Use of Multiple T ransmit Receive Antennas......Page 473
15.3.2 Pr ecoding at the Transmitter......Page 474
15.3.3 Capacity Optimal T ransmitter Precoding for UWB......Page 475
15.4.1 Per Subcarrier Versus Bulk Selection......Page 478
15.4.2 Antenna Selection with Power Amplif er Eff ciency Optimization......Page 479
15.4.3 Antenna Selection with Phase Pr ecoding for Legacy Compatibility......Page 481
15.4.4 P APR Reduction in Antenna Selection Systems......Page 484
15.5 TRANSMIT BEAMFORMING IN UWB SYSTEMS......Page 486
15.5.2 T ransmit Beamforming with EIRP Constraints......Page 487
15.6 SUMMAR Y......Page 490
METROPOLITAN, CORE, AND STORAGE AREA NETWORKS......Page 493
NEXT GENERATION INTEGRATED METROPOLITAN ACCESS NETWORK: TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION AND WIRELESS CONVERGENCE......Page 495
16.1 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN METROPOLITAN AND ACCESS NETWORKS 16.1.1 Metropolitan Area Networks......Page 496
16.1.2 Br oadband Access Networks......Page 500
16.2 METROPOLIT AN AREA AND BROADBAND ACCESS NETWORK INTEGRATION......Page 502
16.2.1 Optical Burst T ransport Technology......Page 503
16.2.2 Metr opolitan Access Ring Integrated Network......Page 505
16.3.1 Municipal WiFi......Page 514
16.3.2 Convergence Between EPON and W i MAX......Page 521
16.4 FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR METRO ACCESS NETWORKS 16.4.1 100 Gbit/s Ethernet......Page 525
16.4.2 Futur e Mobile Backhaul and FiberWireless Convergence......Page 527
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 531
17.1.1 Next Generation SONET / SDH Network......Page 532
17.1.2 Resilient Packet Ring......Page 533
17.1.3 Optical Burst Switching......Page 534
17.1.4 Optical Burst T ransport......Page 535
17.2 OVER VIEW OF THE RESILIENT BURST RING......Page 536
17.2.1 Ring T opology with Burst Mode Data Transmission......Page 537
17.2.3 T wo Layer Buffering Scheme......Page 538
17.3 NODE STRUCTURE OF THE RBR NETWORK......Page 540
17.4 CONTROL SCHEME OF THE RBR NETWORK......Page 542
17.5 Q O S STRATEGY OF THE RBR NETWORK......Page 543
17.5.1 Audio and V ideo Applications......Page 545
17.5.3 TDM Services......Page 547
17.6 PERFORMANCE EV ALUATION OF THE RBR NETWORK......Page 548
17.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 550
18.1 WHY MPLS ?......Page 555
18.1.1 The Onion That Makes T elcos Cry......Page 556
18.1.2 Enters MPLS......Page 558
18.2 BASIC UNDERLYING IDEA AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES 18.2.1 Label......Page 559
18.2.2 Deployment Ar chitecture......Page 560
18.2.3 Label Switching Operation......Page 561
18.2.4 Separation of Control Plane and Data Plane......Page 563
18.2.5 T raff c Engineering with and without MPLS......Page 565
18.3 MPLS HISTORY......Page 569
18.3.1 Standar dization Effort......Page 571
18.4.1 Header Format......Page 572
18.4.2 Key Concepts......Page 575
18.4.3 Static and Dynamic Label Binding......Page 578
18.4.4 Label Distribution Pr otocols......Page 579
18.4.5 Routing and Routing Pr otocols......Page 581
18.5.1 Generalized MPLS......Page 584
18.5.2 Fast Fault Pr otection......Page 585
18.5.3 MPLS Based VPN s......Page 587
18.5.5 MPLS and Differentiated Services......Page 590
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 595
19.2 INTRODUCTION TO STORAGE NETWORKS 19.2.1 Overview of Computer Storage......Page 596
19.3.1 Storage Array Ar chitecture......Page 600
19.3.2 Physical Layers Abstraction......Page 601
19.3.3 File Systems......Page 603
19.3.5 SAN , NAS and Unif ed Storage......Page 606
19.4.1 Backup and Ar chiving......Page 608
19.4.2 Business Continuity......Page 611
19.4.3 Disaster Recovery......Page 612
19.4.4 File Retention and Compliance......Page 615
19.5 STORAGE NETWORK PROTOCOLS 19.5.1 SCSI......Page 616
19.5.2 Fibre Channel......Page 622
19.5.3 SAN Bridging: IP to the Rescue......Page 629
19.5.4......Page 635
19.5.5 i SNS......Page 642
19.5.6 FC o E......Page 643
19.6 NAS PROTOCOLS 19.6.1 NFS......Page 647
19.6.2 CIFS......Page 648
19.7 VIR TUALIZATION 19.7.1 Server V irtualization......Page 649
19.7.2 Storage Virtualization......Page 650
19.7.3 NAS Virtualization......Page 653
19.8 CONCLUSION......Page 654
PHOTONIC AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY......Page 657
20.1 INTRODUCTION 20.1.1 Optical Network Evolution......Page 659
20.1.2 The Need for ROADM s......Page 660
20.1.3 Initial ROADM Designs......Page 662
20.1.4 ROADM s in Networks......Page 664
20.2 NEXT GENERATION ROADM ARCHITECTURES 20.2.1 T wo Degree Versus Multi degree ROADM s......Page 665
20.2.2 Colorless Capabilities......Page 668
20.3 W AVELENGTH SELECTIVE SWITCHING IMPLEMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES......Page 670
20.3.1 Micro Electro Mechanical Switching ( MEMS ) Based Approach......Page 672
20.3.2 Liquid Crystal ( LC ) Approach......Page 674
20.3.4 Liquid Crystal on Silicon ( LC o S ) Approach......Page 676
20.3.5 Digital Light Pr ocessing ( DLP ) Approach......Page 678
20.3.7 Requirements and Technology Comparisons......Page 679
20.4 ROADM S IN NETWORKS 20.4.1 Case Studies......Page 681
20.4.2 ROADM Commercial Deployments......Page 683
20.5 CONCLUSIONS — FUTURE TRENDS......Page 685
21.1 MOTIV ATION......Page 689
21.2.1 Chr omatic Dispersion......Page 690
21.2.2 Modal Dispersion......Page 691
21.4 FIR FILTERS FOR EDC......Page 695
21.4.1 Transversal FIR Filter Topology......Page 696
21.4.2 T raveling Wave FIR Filter Topology......Page 698
21.5 IIR FILTERS FOR EDC......Page 711
21.6 ELECTRONIC DISPERSION COMPENSATION USING NONLINEAR EQUALIZATION: DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZATION ( DFE )......Page 714
21.7.1 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation ( MLSE ) Based Receiver......Page 716
21.7.2 Adaptive Optics in Dispersion Compensation......Page 717
21.8 CONCLUSION......Page 718
HIGH END SILICON PHOTODIODE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS......Page 721
22.1 OPTICAL ABSORPTION OF IMPOR TANT SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS......Page 722
22.2......Page 724
22.2.1 Carrier Drift......Page 725
22.2.2 Carrier Dif fusion......Page 727
22.2.3 Quantum Ef ciency and Responsivity......Page 728
22.2.5 Equivalent Cir cuit of a Photoreceiver......Page 730
22.2.6 Bit Err or Ratio and Sensitivity......Page 731
22.3 INTEGRA TED PHOTODIODE RECEIVERS 22.3.1 An Integrated Silicon Photodiode Receiver for 5 Gbit/s with Voltage Up Converter......Page 733
22.3.2 An Integrated Silicon Optical Receiver for 850 nm Wavelength with a Data Rate Up to 11 Gbit/s......Page 736
22.3.3 Integrated Optical Silicon Receiver Front End for Multilevel Signaling......Page 739
22.3.4 36 Channel Integrated Silicon Optical Receiver with 3 Gbit/s per Channel......Page 741
22.4 CONCLUSION......Page 744
23.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 745
23.2 HARQ AND ITS APPLICATION TO MIMO WIRELESS SYSTEMS 23.2.1 The HARQ Protocol. CC and IR HARQ......Page 747
23.2.2 MIMO System Model......Page 749
23.3 TRANSMITTER IMPLEMENT ATION 23.3.1 Symbol Selection......Page 750
23.3.2 Combining Space Time Block Codes with HARQ......Page 752
23.4 RECEIVER ARCHITECTURES 23.4.1 Optimal Receiver Implementation and Distance Level Combining......Page 753
23.4.2 Bit Level and Symbol Level Combining......Page 755
23.4.3 Receiver Implementation when Space – Time Coding Is Used at the Transmitter......Page 758
23.4.4 Using Equalization to Simplify the Receiver......Page 759
23.4.5 Pr e equalization and Post equalization Combining Approaches......Page 760
23.4.6 Receiver Implementation Based on QR Factorization......Page 768
23.5 SIMULA TED PERFORMANCE OF HARQ IN MIMO WIRELESS SYSTEMS......Page 769
23.6.1 Performance of Receivers Based on ML Demodulation and Linear Equalization......Page 770
23.6.2 Performance of DFE Based Receivers......Page 771
23.5.3 Receiver Performance when Space – T ime Block Coding Is Combined with HARQ......Page 775
23.5.4 CC Versus IR HARQ......Page 777
23.6 CONCLUSION......Page 778
24.1 TRANSMITTER ARCHITECTURES 24.1.1 Modulation Overview......Page 783
24.1.2 Cartesian T ransmitters......Page 784
24.1.3 Constant Envelope Transmitters Using Phase Modulated Loops......Page 787
24.1.4 Polar Transmitters......Page 789
24.2.1 Single Step Receivers......Page 793
24.2.2 T wo Step Receivers......Page 794
24.3.1 A 2.4 GHz CMOS Transceiver for Bluetooth......Page 795
24.3.2 A Fully Integrated Quad Band GPRS / EDGE Radio in 0.13 -......Page 797
INDEX......Page 801