Contrastive Analysis of Lexical Standardization in Amharic and Hadiyya

Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures
List of abbreviations, acronyms and symbols
1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
	1.1 Background of the study
	1.2 The languages
		1.2.1 Amharic
		1.2.2 Hadiyya
	1.3 Statement of the problem
	1.4 Objectives of the study
	1.5 Significance of the study
	1.6 Methodology
		1.6.1 Sampling
		1.6.2 Data collection tools and sources
		1.6.3 Data analysis and presentation
	1.7  Ethical considerations
	1.8 Organization of the dissertation
2 CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
	2.1 Conceptual framework
	2.2 Review of related literature on theoretical issues in language planning
		2.2.1 Concept and type of language planning
			2.2.1.1 Status planning
			2.2.1.2 Corpus planning
				2.2.1.2.1 Codification
				2.2.1.2.2 Elaboration
			2.2.1.3 Acquisition planning
		2.2.2 Lexical standardization: Principles and methods
			2.2.2.1 Principles of standardization
			2.2.2.2 Methods of standardization
		2.2.3 Term formation rules
		2.2.4 Terminology and neology
		2.2.5 Dimensions of terminology
	2.3 Review of previous works
3 CHAPTER THREE፡ ORTHOGRAPHY DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION
	3.1 Orthography development and standardization in Amharic
		3.1.1 Amharic phonology
			3.1.1.1 Phoneme inventory
			3.1.1.2 Syllable structure
		3.1.2 Development of Amharic to a written language: historical overview
		3.1.3 Amharic orthography
		3.1.4 Punctuation
		3.1.5 Ethiopic  numerals
		3.1.6 Writing compounds
		3.1.7 Writing loanwords
		3.1.8 Evaluation of the Amharic orthography
			3.1.8.1 Maximum motivation for the learner and acceptance by the community
			3.1.8.2 Maximum representation of speech
				3.1.8.2.1 Overrepresentation
				3.1.8.2.2 Spelling inconsistencies
				3.1.8.2.3 Underrepresentation
			3.1.8.3 Maximum ease of learning
			3.1.8.4 Maximum transfer
			3.1.8.5 Maximum ease of reproduction
			3.1.8.6 Economy
		3.1.9 Reform and reform efforts in Amharic script
		3.1.10 Conclusion
	3.2 Orthography development and standardization in Hadiyya
		3.2.1 Hadiyya phonology
			3.2.1.1 Phoneme inventory
			3.2.1.2 Syllable structure
		3.2.2  Development of Hadiyya to a written language: historical overview
		3.2.3 Development of Roman-based Hadiyya orthography
		3.2.4 Punctuation
		3.2.5 Numerals
		3.2.6 Frequent problems of applying the Hadiyya orthography to loanwords
			3.2.6.1 Writing loanwords beginning with /r/
			3.2.6.2 Maintaining rule of consonant cluster
		3.2.7 Spelling conventions
		3.2.8 Evaluation of the Hadiyya orthography
			3.2.8.1 Maximum motivation for the learner and acceptance by the community
			3.2.8.2 Maximum representation of speech
			3.2.8.3 Maximum ease of learning
			3.2.8.4 Maximum transfer
			3.2.8.5 Maximum ease of reproduction
			3.2.8.6 Economy
		3.2.9 Reform in Hadiyya orthography
		3.2.10 Conclusion
4 CHAPTER FOUR: LANGUAGE INTERNAL MEANS OF LEXICAL ELABORATION
	4.1 Semantic transfer method
		4.1.1 Semantic transfer methods in Amharic
			4.1.1.1 Semantic extension
				4.1.1.1.1 Extension from human body parts
				4.1.1.1.2 Extension from farming and animal breeding activities
				4.1.1.1.3 Extension from parts of plants
				4.1.1.1.4 Extension from sociocultural contexts/situations
			4.1.1.2 Re-use of a special designations
			4.1.1.3 Redefinition of words
		4.1.2 Semantic transfer methods in Hadiyya
			4.1.2.1 Semantic extension
				4.1.2.1.1 Extensions from human body parts
				4.1.2.1.2 Extension from farming and animal breeding activities
				4.1.2.1.3 Extension from parts of plants
				4.1.2.1.4 Extension from cultural practices or activities
				4.1.2.1.5 Extension from natural events/phenomena
			4.1.2.2 Re-use of a special designation
			4.1.2.3 Redefinition of words
		4.1.3 Comparison between semantic transfer in Amharic and Hadiyya
	4.2 Compounding
		4.2.1 Compounding in Amharic
			4.2.1.1 Types of compounds in Amharic
				4.2.1.1.1 Nominal compounds
				4.2.1.1.2 Adjectival compounds
				4.2.1.1.3 Verbal compounds
				4.2.1.1.4 Summary of compound types in Amharic
			4.2.1.2 Complex compounds
			4.2.1.3 Defining features of Amharic compounds
		4.2.2 Compounding in Hadiyya
			4.2.2.1 Types of compounds in Hadiyya
				4.2.2.1.1 Nominal compounds
				4.2.2.1.2 Adjectival compounds
				4.2.2.1.3 Verbal compounds
				4.2.2.1.4 Summary of compound types in Hadiyya
			4.2.2.2 Complex compounds
			4.2.2.3 Defining features of Hadiyya compounds
			4.2.2.4 Spelling aspect of compounds
		4.2.3 Comparison between compounds in Amharic and Hadiyya
	4.3 Abbreviation and blending
		4.3.1 Abbreviations and blendings in Amharic
		4.3.2 Abbreviation and blending in Hadiyya
		4.3.3  Comparison between abbreviation and blending in Amharic and Hadiyya
5 CHAPTER FIVE: LANGUAGE EXTERNAL MEANS OF LEXICAL ELABORATION
	5.1 Borrowing
		5.1.1 Borrowing in Amharic
			5.1.1.1 Loanword integration mechanisms in Amharic
				5.1.1.1.1 Unmodified borrowing
				5.1.1.1.2 Modified borrowing
					5.1.1.1.2.1 Vowel adaptation
					5.1.1.1.2.2 Consonant adaptation
					5.1.1.1.2.3 Adaptation of consonant clusters and morphemes
			5.1.1.2 Superfluous borrowing
			5.1.1.3 The source languages for lexical borrowing in Amharic
				5.1.1.3.1 Borrowing from foreign languages
					5.1.1.3.1.1 English loanwords in Amharic
					5.1.1.3.1.2 French loanwords in Amharic
					5.1.1.3.1.3 Italian loanwords in Amharic
					5.1.1.3.1.4 Greek loanwords in Amharic
					5.1.1.3.1.5. Arabic loanwords in Amharic
				5.1.1.3.2 Borrowing from Ethiopian languages
					5.1.1.3.2.1 Ge’ez loanwords in Amharic
					5.1.1.3.2.2 Oromo loanwords in Amharic
			5.1.1.4 Summary of borrowing in Amharic
		5.1.2 Borrowing in Hadiyya
			5.1.2.1 Loanword adaptation mechanisms in Hadiyya
				5.1.2.1.1 Vowel adaptation
				5.1.2.1.2 Consonant adaptation
				5.1.2.1.3 Segment or syllable deletion
				5.1.2.1.4 Adaptation of consonant clusters and morphemes
			5.1.2.2 Superfluous borrowing
			5.1.2.3 The source languages for lexical borrowing in Hadiyya
				5.1.2.3.1 Direct loanwords in Hadiyya
					5.1.2.3.1.1 Loans from Amharic and English
					5.1.2.3.1.2 Loans from Arabic
					5.1.2.3.1.3 Loans from Kambaata
				5.1.2.3.2 Indirect loanwords in Hadiyya
					5.1.2.3.2.1 Indirect loans from English
					5.1.2.3.2.2 Indirect loan from Italian
					5.1.2.3.2.3 Indirect loan from French
					5.1.2.3.2.4 Indirect loan from Greek
			5.1.2.4 Summary
		5.1.3 Comparison between borrowing in Amharic and Hadiyya
	5.2 Loan translation
		5.2.1 Loan translation in Amharic
			5.2.1.1 Literal loan translation
			5.2.1.2 Non-literal (conceptual) loan translation
		5.2.2 Loan translation in Hadiyya
			5.2.2.1 Literal loan translation
			5.2.2.2 Non-literal (conceptual) loan translation
		5.2.3 Comparison between loan translation in Amharic and Hadiyya
6 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
	6.1 Summary
	6.2 Recommendations
7  References
8 Appendices
9 Declaration