Contrastive Analysis & Error Analysis

Table of Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................ i
Abbreviations ............................................................................................... vi
Part I. Contrastive Anal.v. sis ...................................................... )
Chapter I. Fundamental Issues in Contrastive Analysis .......................... 3
1 . 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 3
1.2 Historical Perspective .......................................................................... 4
1.3 Pedagogical Contrastive Analysis and Its Psycholog ical Ba is ........... 7
1.4 Di fferent V crsions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothe is .................... I 0
1.4.1 The Strong Version ... ................................................................. IO
I .4.2 The Weak Version ..................................................................... 1 I
1.4.3 The Moderate Version ............................................................... 12
1.5 Linguistic Levels of Analysis ............................................. ............... 13
1.6 Procedures for Comparing Languages ............................................... 14
1. 7 Hierarchy of Difficulty ...................................................................... 16
1.8 Markedness Theory ......................................... .................................. 20
1.9 Drawbacks and Merits of Contrastive Analysis ................................ 21
Stud) Questions and Exercises ................................................................ 24
Chapter 2. CA of Some Selected Features of English and Persian ......... 27
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 27
2.2 A Sample of Phonological Contrastive Analysis .. ............................. 28
2.2.1 Syllable Types and Consonant Clusters in English and Persian 28
2.3 Contrastive Analysis of Some Grammatical Structures ................ .... 31
2.3.1 Prepositions in English and Persian ........................................... 31
2.3.2 Direct and Indirect Questions .................................................... 35
2.4 Contrastive Analysis of Lexis ............................................................ 38
2.5 Contrastive Pragmatics .... .. .... .............. ........ .. ... ................................. 40
Study Questions and Exercises ................................................................ 43
Part II Interlanguage and Error Analysis ..•.......................... 45
Chapter 3. Linguistic and Psychological Bases of Error Analysis ......... 47
3. I Introduction ........ ....... .......... .... ... ....... .... ............. ... ........... .. ........ .... ... 4 7
3.2 Cognitive-Learning Theory ....................... .. ................................ ...... 48
3.3. Generative-Transformational Grammar and First Language
Acquisition ............. ........... .. ................. .. ...... ......... .... .. ... ............... ... 49
3.4 Similarities and Differences between First and Second Language
Acquisition .... ....... ... .... .. ..... .. ............. .. .. ..... ....... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .... ......... 51
Study Questions ............................................... ........................................ 55
Chapter 4. Er-ror Analysis .......................................................................... 57
4.1 Introduction .... ......................... ... ....... ..... ........... ....... .... .. ... ..... ........... 57
4.2 Receptive versus Productive Errors ............................................ ...... 59
4.3 Errors versus Mistakes .................. ................... ........ ... .......... ........ ..... 60
4.4 Significance of Errors ............. .................................... ...... .. .... .. ....... .. 62
4.5 Branches and Uses of Error Analysis ...... ........... .... ....................... .... 63
4.6 Types of Errors Representing Stages of Second Language
Development .......................................................... ....... ................... 66
Study Questions and Exercises .................................. .. .. .................. .. .. .... 69
Chapter 5. Hypotheses about Second-Language Learner\'s Language .. 71
5.1 Introduction ...... ............................. ............. .......... ........ ..... ....... ......... 71
5.2 The lnterlanguage Hypothesis ..... ......... .... ................ ...... ......... .......... 72
5.3 The Approximative System Hypothesis ............... .......... ..... ........ .. .... 75
5.4 The Idiosyncratic Dialect ........................................ .......... ................ 76
Study Questions and Exercises ................................................................ 78
Chapter 6. Techniques and Procedures for Doing Error Analysis ........ 79
6.1 IntrOOuct·ion ........................................................................... ............ 79
6.2 Data-collection Procedures ............................................... ................. 79
6.2.1 Spontaneous Procedures ........................................................ .... 80
6.2.2 Elicited Procedures .................................................................... 81
6.3 Methodology for the identification and interpretation of errors ... ... .. 83
Stud_l Questions and Exercises .. ......... .. .. .. .. ..... ....... ..... ... ... .... .................. 87
Chapter 7. Classification of Errors ........................................................... 89
7. I Introduction ................ ..................... ...... ..... ...... .................... ............. 89
7.2 Linguistic-Based Classification ......... ................................................ 90
7 .2. I Orthographic Errors ......... .. .. .. ......... ........... ......... .. .. .............. .... 91
7.2.2 Phonological Errors ........ ...................... .. .................................. 93
7 .2.3 Lexico-Semantic Errors ...... .. ..................... .... ................. .......... 94
7.2.4 Morpho-Syntactic Errors ......... .... ......... .. .. ... ............ ............ ...... 95
7.3 Process-Based Classification ........... ... ................ ..... ............ .. ...... ... I 05
7.3 .1 Omission ......... ........ ............. .................................. .. .... ......... ... I 05
7.3.2 Addition ......... ... .... ...................... .. ................................... ........ I 05
7.3 .3 Substitution .. .................................... ...... ......... .. .. .. ............... .. .. I 06
7 .3.4 Permutation .. ..... ..................... ......... ... .. .. .......... ..... .. .... ......... .... 106
Study Questions and Exercises ........................ .... .................... .... .. .... .... 1 06
Chapter 8. Sources of Errors ................................................................... 117
8.1 Introduction .................................. ................................................... 117
8.2 Interlingual Errors ............................................................................ 120
8.2.1 Transfer of Phonological Elements of L 1 ................................ 121
8.2.2 Transfer of Morphological Elements .............................. ......... 121
8.2.3 Transfer of Grammatical Elements .......................................... 121
8.2.4 Transfer of Lexico-Semantic Elements .......................... ......... 122
8.2.4.1 Cross-Association ............................................................ 123
8.2.4.2 False Cognates ................................................. .............. 123
8.2.5 Transfer of Stylistic and Cultural Elements ............................. 124
8.3 Intralingual and Developmental Errors ............................................ 124
8.3.1 Overgeneralization .............................................. .. ........ .......... 125
8.3.2 Ignorance of Rule Restriction .................................................. 126
8.3.3 False Analogy ........................................................................ .. 126
8. 3. 4 Hyperextension ........................................................................ 12 7
8.3.5 Hypercorrection ....................................................................... 127
8.3.6 Faulty Categorization ............................................................. 128
.4 Teacher-Induced Errors .. ... .... .... ...... .... ..... .......... .. ... .. ......... .. ..... ...... 128
.5 Language Learning Strategies ....... ........... ..... .. ..... .... ... .......... ..... ..... 129
8.6 Communication Strategies .......... .... ... ........ ... ........ ... .... ........ .... ... ..... 130
Sfll(~r Questions and Exercises ......... ...... .................. ................. .......... .. 132
Chapter 9. Communicative Aspects of Error Analysis ......................... 137
9. 1 In troduction ...... .... ..... ... .... ................ ..... .................... .. ....... ....... ... ... 137
9.2 Errors Related to Different Communicative Tasks ...... ......... .... ....... 137
9.3 Native Speakers\' Judgment of Lean1ers\' Errors ..... ... ... .... ... ....... ... . 138
Study Questions and Exercises ...................... .. ...................................... 142
Chapter 10. Pedagogical Implications of Error Analysis ...................... 145
l 0 .1 Introduction ...... .... .. ... ... ... ... ........ ..... .............................. .... ........ ... 145
I 0.2 Implications for ESL/EFL Teachers .............. ........ ......... .. ..... ... .. .. 145
l 0.3 Implications for Syllabus Designers .... ....... .... ............ .. ... .. ........... 146
10.4 Implications for Test Developers ......... ... .. ... ....... ..... ........... .. .. .. .. .. 147
10.5 Error Correction and Attitudes towards Errors .............. ..... .. ......... 148
Stud)· Questions ....... .... ....... ... ...... ... ... .... ..... .... .... ...... ..... ... ... .... ............ . 153
References .................................................................................................. 155
Glossary ..................................................................................................... 167
Author .Index ............................................................................................. 171
Subject Index ............................................................................................. l73