CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING

COVER
TITLE PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CEM SYSTEMS
	A BRIEF HISTORY
	TYPES OF MONITORING SYSTEMS
		Extractive Systems
		In-Situ Systems
		Remote Sensors
		Parameter Monitoring Systems
		Analytical Techniques Used in CEM System Instrumentation
		Data Acquisition and Handling Systems
	THE ROLE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
	APPLICATION
	SUMMARY
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 2 CEM REGULATIONS
	IMPLEMENTING RULES IN THE UNITED STATES
		U.S. Federal Implementing Rules
		State Programs and Federal Programs Administered by the States
		40 CFR Part 62 – Federal Requirements for Existing Units Not Covered by a State Plan
		40 CFR Part 70 – Title V Operating Permits
	PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
	QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS
		Part 60 Quality Assurance Procedures
		Other U.S. QA Procedures
		The Role of Calibration Gases
	INTERNATIONAL RULES
		Canada
		Europe
		Asia
		Latin America*
		Developing a National Continuous Emission Monitoring Program
	ENFORCEMENT POLICIES AND CEM SYSTEMS
		Compliance Indicating Systems – Using CEM Systems for Reporting Excess Emissions
		Enforcement Levels
		Level 2
		Compliance Monitoring Systems – Using CEM Systems for Direct Compliance
	Compliance Assurance Monitoring and the Credible Evidence Rule
		Periodic Monitoring
		Epilogue
	REFERENCES
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM DESIGN
	SOURCE-LEVEL EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
		Hot/Wet Systems
		Cool/Dry Systems with Conditioning
		Sample Probes
		Umbilical Line
		Calibration Gas System and Cylinder Gas Pressure Regulators
		Moisture Removal Methods
		Sample Pumps
		Fine Filters
		Assembling a Cool/Dry Extractive System
	CLOSE-COUPLED SYSTEMS
	DILUTION EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
		Dilution Probes
		Dilution Air Cleanup Systems
		External Dilution Systems (Probes)
		Enhancing the Operation of Dilution Systems
		Dilution Extractive Systems: Wet or Dry Measurement?
	SAMPLING INTERFACE/MONITOR CALIBRATION
	EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES
	MINI-SYSTEMS
	MODULAR SAMPLING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYTICAL METHODS
	THE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
		The Wave Nature of Light
		Absorption of Light by Molecules
		The Beer–Lambert Law
	LIGHT SCATTERING BY PARTICLES
		Rayleigh Scattering: r/λ ≤ 1
		Mie Scattering: r/λ = 1
		Geometric Optics: r/λ ≥ 1
		Opacity and Transmittance
		Bouguer’s Law
	COMPONENTS OF A SPECTROMETER: BUILDING AN INSTRUMENT
		Radiation Sources
		Wavelength Selection
		Detectors
		Multipath Gas Cells
		Optical Components
		Constructing a Spectrophotometer
CHAPTER 5 EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM ANALYZERS
	SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS – INFRARED MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
		Nondispersive Infrared Analyzers
		Laser-Based Analyzers
		Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
	SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS – ULTRAVIOLET MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
		Nondispersive Ultraviolet Photometers
	SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS – LUMINESCENCE
		Fluorescence Analyzers for SO2 Measurement
		Chemiluminescence Analyzers for NO and NOx Measurement
		Low NOx Measurements.
	ELECTROANALYTICAL METHODS
		Polarographic Analyzers
		Potentiometric Analyzers Using Ion-Selective Electrodes
		Electrocatalytic Analyzers for Measuring Oxygen
		Paramagnetic Techniques for Measuring Oxygen
		Magnetopneumatic Instruments
		Thermal Conductivity Analyzers
	DEVELOPMENTS IN EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM GAS ANALYZERS
		Traditional Approaches
		Developing Approaches
CHAPTER 6 IN-SITU GAS MONITORING SYSTEMS
	POINT (SHORT-PATH) IN-SITU MONITORS
		Probe Designs
		Point Monitor Analytical Methods
		Electrocatalytic In-situ Method
		Advantages and Limitations of Point In-situ Systems
	INTEGRATED-PATH MONITORING SYSTEMS
		Single-Pass Systems
		Double-Pass Systems
		Optical Depth
		Stratification Issues
		Integrated-Path Analyzer Calibration Issues
		Integrated-Path Analyzer Analytical Methods
		Advantages and Limitations of Integrated-Path CEM Systems
		Certification Test Criteria for Integrated-Path Monitors
		Quality Assurance for In-situ CEM Systems
	IN-SITU SYSTEMS VS. EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 7 FLOW RATE MONITORS
	REFERENCE METHODS FOR VOLUMETRIC FLOW
		Type-S Pitot Tube (Method 2)
		Three-Dimensional Pitot Tubes (Method 2F)
		Yaw-Nulling (Method 2G)
		Wall-Effect Measurements (Method 2H and CTM-041)
		Vane Anemometers
		Tracer Gas Dilution
	CONTINUOUS FLOW MONITORING METHODS
		Single Type-S Pitot Tube
		Averaging Differential Pressure Probes
		Thermal Mass Flowmeters
		Ultrasonic Flow Monitors
		Time-of-Flight Methods
	OTHER METHODS
		The Stack Venturi
		Physical Models
		Computational Fluid Dynamics
		Determination of Flow Rates from Engineering Calculations
	MONITORING FLOW IN PIPES
	CALIBRATING FLOW MONITORING SYSTEMS
		The “Pre-RATA” and the K Factor
		Problems in Calibrating Against a Reference Method
	PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOW MONITOR CERTIFICATION
		Part 60 Appendix B Performance Specification 6
		Part 75 Appendix A Specifications.
		Environment Canada Specifications
		EN-ISO 16911 Specifications
	FLOW MONITOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
		Daily Calibration Checks
		Daily Interference Checks
		Quarterly Leak Checks
		Flow-to-Load Ratio Test
		Semiannual/Annual RATA
CHAPTER 8 OPACITY MONITORS
	BASIC COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSOMETERS
	DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND MANUFACTURER’S PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR OPACITY MONITORS
		Opacity Monitoring Specific Design Criteria
		Manufacturers’ Performance Specification Tests
		Design Specifications For Low-Level Opacity Monitors
	OPACITY MONITOR INSTRUMENT DESIGN
		Beam Splitter Techniques
		Optical Density/Opacity Calculations
		Stack-Exit Correlation
		Calibration Filter Selection
		Combiner Equations
		Opacity–Mass Correlations
	OPACITY MONITOR PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
		Installation Requirements
		Field Audit Performance Tests
		Opacity Monitor Quality Assurance
		Quality Assurance Plan
		Daily Zero and Upscale Calibration Drift Test
		Quarterly Audit – Three-Point Calibration Error Test
		Annual Primary Zero Alignment
		Corrective Maintenance and Diagnostic Tests
	REFERENCES
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 9 CONTINUOUS PARTICULATE MONITORING
	REGULATORY SPECIFICATIONS
	CALIBRATING PARTICULATE MATTER CEMS (PM CEMS)
		Reference Method Tests
		Statistical Analysis Procedures
		Issues Associated with the Correlation Method
	CONTINUOUS PARAMETER MONITORING SYSTEMS (PM CPMS)
		Determining the Operating Limit (Case A)
		Determining the Operating Limit (Case B)
	BAG LEAK DETECTORS (BLD)
	ALTERNATIVE CALIBRATION METHODS
		Generating Reference Samples
		Mass References
		Particle Size Standards
	PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
		Accumulated Mass Sensors
		Optical Sensors
		Hybrid (Combination) Systems
		Monitoring in Wet Stacks
		Probe Electrification Methods – Triboelectric Devices Applied for Bag Leak Detection
		Choosing a PM System
	PM CEMS QUALITY ASSURANCE – REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTINIUING OPERATION
		The Quality Assurance/Quality Control Manual
		Routine Checks
		Quarterly Audits
		PM Correlation Audits
	DEVELOPMENTS IN PM CEMS
CHAPTER 10 CEM SYSTEM CONTROL, DATA ACQUISITION, AND REPORTING
	CONTROL SYSTEMS
		Computer Control
		Programmable Logic Controllers
		Data Loggers
		Embedded Microprocessors
	THE DAHS COMPUTER
		CEM System Software Development
		Data Handling Functions of the DAHS Computer
		Data Reporting
		The U.S. EPA Excess Emission Report
		The U.S. EPA Part 75 Electronic Data Report
		Other U.S. Reporting Programs
		Communication
	DAHS QUALITY ASSURANCE
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 11 CERTIFYING CEM SYSTEMS
	PART 60 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES
		Installation Specifications
	PART 60 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS MONITORING SYSTEMS
		Span
		Calibration Drift Capability
	PART 60 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS MONITORS
		Performance Specification Test (PST) Procedures in the United States and Canada
		The Calibration Drift (Error) Test
		Part 60 Calibration Drift Calculations
		The Linearity (Measurement Error) Test
		The Environment Canada Calibration Drift Test
		Cycle Time/Response Time Test
		Dynamic Spiking Test (Method of Standard Additions)
		The Relative Accuracy Test
		Bias Tests
		Relative Accuracy Procedure as a Percentage of the Emission Limit
		Relative Accuracy as a Percentage of Certified Gas Concentration (Alternative Procedures)
		The Relative Accuracy Test Report
		Causes for Failure of a Relative Accuracy Test
	PART 75 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
	PART 63.8 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
	ENVIRONMENT CANADA EPS/1/PG/7 CEM GUIDELINES
	INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO CEM SYSTEM CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL
		International Standards Organization (ISO) Standards for Gas Monitoring Systems
		The European Union EN 14181 Standard for Automated Monitoring Systems
	DEVELOPING CEM CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS
CHAPTER 12 MONITORING FOR MERCURY
	MERCURY ISSUES
	MERCURY REGULATIONS
		Coal-Fired Electric Generating Units
		Cement Plants
		Municipal Waste Combustors and Incinerators
		Canadian Mercury Regulations
		Mercury Emissions Outside of North America
	MERCURY MONITORING
		Analytical Methods for Mercury Monitoring
		Continuous Mercury Monitoring Systems
		Calibrators
	SORBENT TRAP MERCURY MONITORING SYSTEMS
		Sorbent Trap System Design Criteria
		Required Calibrations
		PS-12B QUALITY CONTROL CRITERIA
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Sorbent Trap Systems
		CONTINUOUS MERCURY MONITORING SYSTEMS – CERTIFICATION
		Sorbent Trap Monitoring Systems – Certification
		CONTINUOUS MERCURY MONITORING SYSTEMS – QUALITY ASSURANCE
		Sorbent Trap Mercury Monitoring Systems – Quality Assurance
	REFERENCE TEST METHODS FOR MERCURY
		Ontario Hydro Method – Standard Test Method for Elemental, Oxidized, Particle-Bound and Total Mercury in Flue Gas Generated from Coal-Fired Stationary Sources (ASTM D6784)
		EPA Test Method 30A – Determination of Total Vapor-Phase Mercury Emissions
		EPA Test Method 30B – Determination of Total Vapor-Phase Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Combustion Sources using Carbon Sorbent Traps
		EPA Test Method 29 – Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources
		EPA Test Method 101A – Determination of Particulate and Gaseous Mercury Emissions from Sewage Sludge Incinerators
CHAPTER 13 MONITORING HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
	PART 61 NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAPS)
	40 CFR 63 AIR TOXICS PROGAM GENERAL PROVISIONS
		Definitions (§63.7)
		Performance Testing (§63.7)
		Monitoring Requirements (§63.8)
		Quality Control Programs [§63.8(d)]
		Performance Evaluation of CEMS [§63.8(e)]
		Recordkeeping and Reporting (§63.10)
	PART 63 SUBPARTS – SOURCE-SPECIFIC HAP MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
		Major Sources Affected by the Air Toxics Rule
	METHODS FOR MEASURING HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
	MONITORING FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
		Gas Chromatography
		Total Hydrocarbon Analyzers
		Mass Spectrometry
		Calorimeters
		Ion-Mobility Spectrometry
	MONITORING FOR ACID GASES
		Options for Monitoring Acid Gases
		HCl Calibration Gases
	MONITORING FOR METALS
		X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
		Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
		Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy
		Certifying Multi-metal CEM Systems
		Particulate Matter Surrogate Monitoring
	POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS
		Dioxin/Furan Continuous Emission Monitoring Options in Part 63
	SUMMARY – MEASURING HAPS
CHAPTER 14 GREENHOUSE GAS MONITORING
	METRICS USED IN REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
		Gas Concentration
		Pollutant Mass Rate
		Global Warming Potential (GWP)
		Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)
		Carbon (Emission) Intensity
		Per Capita CO2 Emissions
		Metrics and Their Implications
	DIRECT MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION METHODS FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
	IPCC EMISSION INVENTORY PROCEDURES
	REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – U.S. MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING RULE
		The Tier Approach: Part 98 Subpart C – Calculating CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
		Approaches to Reporting – Examples
		Uncertainties
	REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – CANADA
	REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – EUROPEAN UNION
	INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) GREENHOUSE GAS STANDARDS
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 15 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMS FOR CEM SYSTEMS
	A QUALITY ASSURANCE FRAMEWORK
	PROCUREMENT QUALITY CONTROL
		Prepurchase Evaluation/Selection
		CEM System Technical Specifications
		Record Keeping
		Proposal Evaluations
	CERTIFICATION QUALITY CONTROL
		The Source Testing Company
		The Performance Specification Test Plan
		Performance Specification Test Quality Assurance Recommendations
	CONTINUING OPERATION – QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMS
		Writing the Quality Assurance Manual
	CONTINUING OPERATION – ELEMENTS OF QUALITY CONTROL
		Daily Calibration Drift Verifications
		Periodic System Inspections
		Maintenance
		Managing Change
		Declaring Obsolescence
		Logbook Documentation
	CONTINUING OPERATION – AUDIT PROCEDURES
		Performance Audits
		Other Techniques
	CONTINUING OPERATION – SYSTEMS AUDITS/AGENCY INSPECTIONS
		Entrance Briefing
		CEM System Site Tour
		Calibration and Audit Gases
		Auditing in the CEM Shelter
		System Condition – Analyzer Control Panels/Analyzers
		Unit Operator(s) Interview
		Spare Parts Inventory
		Review of Records and Data
		The Exit Briefing
		The Audit Report
		The Quality Assurance Cycle
APPENDIX B UNITS OF THE STANDARD AND F FACTORS
	CONCENTRATION-BASED STANDARDS
		The Basic Concentration Measurements (ppm, Percent)
	POLLUTANT MASS RATE STANDARDS
	PROCESS EMISSIONS WEIGHT RATE STANDARDS
	EMISSION RATE FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES: THERMAL
	EMISSION RATE FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES: THERMAL – F-FACTOR APPROACH
		The Oxygen-Based Dry F Factor, Fd
		The Oxygen-Based Wet F Factor, Fw
		The Carbon Dioxide-Based F Factor, Fc
		Tabulated F Factors and Conversion Factors
		Other Uses of F Factors
		Errors and Problems in the Use of F Factors
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
APPENDIX B CONVERSION FACTORS AND USEFUL INFORMATION
	CONSTANTS
	IUPAC STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (STP)
	EPA STANDARD CONDITIONS
		Molecular Weights and Gas Concentration Units
		Atomic Weight
	CONVERSION EXPRESSIONS
		Temperature
	CONVERSION FACTORS
		Length
		Volume
		Mass
		Mass per Unit Volume
		Velocity
		Energy
		Power
		Power Estimation Factors
Index
EULA