Context and Content: Essays on Intentionality in Speech and Thought

1.1 Introduction......Page 22
Index......Page 0
1.2 Applications of Potential-pH Diagrams......Page 25
1.2.1 Corrosion of Steel in Water at Elevated Temperatures......Page 26
1.2.2 Filiform Corrosion......Page 35
1.2.3 Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete......Page 38
1.3.1 Kinetics at Equilibrium: The Exchange Current Concept......Page 41
1.3.2 Kinetics Under Polarization......Page 44
1.3.3 Graphical Presentation of Kinetic Data......Page 51
1.1 Introduction......Page 64
1.2 Applications of Potential-pH Diagrams......Page 67
1.2.1 Corrosion of Steel in Water at Elevated Temperatures......Page 68
1.2.2 Filiform Corrosion......Page 77
1.2.3 Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete......Page 80
1.3.1 Kinetics at Equilibrium: The Exchange Current Concept......Page 83
1.3.2 Kinetics Under Polarization......Page 86
1.3.3 Graphical Presentation of Kinetic Data......Page 93
2. Environments......Page 106
2.1.1 Types of Atmospheres and Environments......Page 109
2.1.2 Theory of Atmospheric Corrosion......Page 112
2.1.3 Atmospheric Corrosivity and Corrosion Rates......Page 120
2.1.4 Atmospheric Corrosion Rates as a Function of Time......Page 135
2.2 Natural Waters......Page 137
2.2.1 Water Constituents and Pollutants......Page 139
2.2.2 Essentials of Ion Exchange......Page 151
2.2.3 Saturation and Scaling Indices......Page 157
2.2.4 Ion Association Model......Page 164
2.2.5 Software Systems......Page 175
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 182
2.3.2 Corrosion Resistance of Materials in Seawater......Page 191
2.4.2 Soil Classification Systems......Page 195
2.4.3 Soil Parameters Affecting Corrosivity......Page 196
2.4.4 Soil Corrosivity Classifications......Page 201
2.4.5 Corrosion Characteristics of Selected Metals and Alloys......Page 204
2.5.1 Introduction......Page 207
2.5.2 Concrete as a Structural Material......Page 208
2.5.3 Corrosion Damage in Reinforced Concrete......Page 209
2.5.4 Remedial Measures......Page 219
2.5.5 Condition Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures......Page 233
2.5.6 Life Prediction for Corroding Reinforced Concrete Structures......Page 237
2.5.7 Other Forms of Concrete Degradation......Page 239
2.6.1 Basics of Microbiology and MIC......Page 240
2.6.2 Biofouling......Page 253
2.6.3 Biofilm Control......Page 261
References......Page 269
3. High-Temperature Corrosion......Page 274
3.1.1 Standard Free Energy of Formation Versus Temperature Diagrams......Page 275
3.1.2 Vapor Species Diagrams......Page 276
3.2 Kinetic Principles......Page 282
3.2.1 The Pilling-Bedworth Relationship......Page 285
3.2.2 Micromechanisms and Rate Laws......Page 286
3.3 Practical High-Temperature Corrosion Problems......Page 290
3.3.1 Oxidation......Page 291
3.3.2 Sulfidation......Page 298
3.3.3 Carburization......Page 308
3.3.4 Metal Dusting......Page 311
3.3.6 Gaseous Halogen Corrosion......Page 313
3.3.7 Fuel Ash and Salt Deposits......Page 315
3.3.9 Corrosion in Liquid Metals......Page 316
3.3.10 Compilation and Use of Corrosion Data......Page 317
References......Page 318
4.1 Introduction......Page 320
4.2.1 The Bottom-Up Approach......Page 321
4.2.2 The-Top Down Approach......Page 330
4.2.3 Toward a Universal Model of Materials Failure......Page 344
4.3 Applications of Artificial Intelligence......Page 356
4.3.1 Expert Systems......Page 359
4.3.2 Neural Networks......Page 371
4.3.3 Case-Based Reasoning......Page 374
4.4 Computer-Based Training or Learning......Page 375
4.5 Internet and the Web......Page 377
References......Page 379
5. Corrosion Failures......Page 383
5.2.1 Forms of Corrosion......Page 384
5.2.2 Modes and Submodes of Corrosion......Page 404
5.2.3 Corrosion Factors......Page 406
5.2.4 The Distinction Between Corrosion-Failure Mechanisms and Causes......Page 409
5.3 Guidelines for Investigating Corrosion Failures......Page 411
5.4 Prevention of Corrosion Damage......Page 412
5.4.1 Uniform Corrosion......Page 414
5.4.2 Galvanic Corrosion......Page 415
5.4.3 Pitting......Page 416
5.4.5 Intergranular Corrosion......Page 417
5.4.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking......Page 418
5.5 Case Histories in Corrosion Failure Analysis......Page 420
References......Page 421
Corrosion Maintenance through Inspection and Monitoring......Page 422
6.1 Introduction......Page 423
6.2 Inspection......Page 425
6.2.2 Process Piping......Page 426
6.2.3 Risk-Based Inspection......Page 428
6.3 The Maintenance Revolution......Page 434
6.3.1 Maintenance Strategies......Page 435
6.3.2 Life-Cycle Asset Management......Page 438
6.3.3 Maintenance and Reliability in the Field......Page 445
6.4.1 The Role of Corrosion Monitoring......Page 457
6.4.2 Elements of Corrosion Monitoring Systems......Page 460
6.4.3 Essential Considerations for Launching a Corrosion Monitoring Program......Page 461
6.4.4 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques......Page 467
6.4.5 From Corrosion Monitoring to Corrosion Management......Page 479
6.5.1 Introduction......Page 499
6.5.2 Optical Fiber Basics......Page 502
6.5.3 Emerging Corrosion Monitoring Applications......Page 503
6.5.4 Summary......Page 511
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 512
6.6.2 Principles and Practices......Page 513
6.6.3 Data Analysis......Page 529
References......Page 532
7. Acceleration and Amplification of Corrosion Damage......Page 535
7.1 Introduction......Page 536
7.2 Corrosion Testing......Page 538
7.2.1 Corrosion Tests and Standards......Page 541
7.2.2 Examples of Corrosion Acceleration......Page 550
7.2.3 Laboratory Tests......Page 562
7.2.4 Field and Service Tests......Page 605
7.3 Surface Characterization......Page 612
7.3.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy......Page 616
7.3.3 Photoelectron Spectroscopy......Page 617
7.3.4 Rutherford Backscattering......Page 618
7.3.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy (STM/AFM)......Page 619
7.3.6 Secondary Electron Microscopy and Scanning Auger Microscopy......Page 621
7.3.7 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy......Page 622
References......Page 624
8. Materials Selection......Page 627
8.1 Introduction......Page 628
8.1.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 629
8.1.4 Cost......Page 631
8.1.5 Corrosion Resistance......Page 632
8.2.1 Introduction......Page 634
8.2.2 Applications of Different Types of Aluminum......Page 645
8.2.3 Weldability of Aluminum Alloys......Page 648
8.2.4 Corrosion Resistance......Page 651
8.3.1 Introduction......Page 662
8.3.2 Carbon Presence Classification......Page 663
8.3.3 Weldability......Page 666
8.3.4 Corrosion Resistance......Page 667
8.4.1 Introduction......Page 672
8.4.2 Weldability......Page 677
8.4.3 Corrosion Resistance......Page 680
8.4.4 Marine Application of Copper-Nickel Alloys......Page 700
8.4.5 Decorative Corrosion Products......Page 709
8.5 High-Performance Alloys......Page 714
8.5.1 Ni- and Fe-Ni-Base Alloys......Page 716
8.5.2 Co-Base Alloys......Page 720
8.5.3 Welding and Heat Treatments......Page 721
8.5.4 Corrosion Resistance......Page 726
8.5.5 Use of High-Performance Alloys......Page 741
8.6.1 Introduction......Page 742
8.6.2 Molybdenum......Page 744
8.6.3 Niobium......Page 747
8.6.4 Tantalum......Page 753
8.6.5 Tungsten......Page 758
8.7.1 Introduction......Page 760
8.7.2 Welding, Heat Treatments, and Surface Finishes......Page 766
8.7.3 Corrosion Resistance......Page 773
8.8.1 Introduction......Page 786
8.8.2 Carbon Steels......Page 787
8.8.3 Weathering Steels......Page 788
8.8.4 Weldability......Page 789
8.8.5 Corrosion Resistance......Page 791
8.9.1 Introduction......Page 798
8.9.2 Titanium Alloys......Page 800
8.9.3 Weldability......Page 802
8.9.4 Applications......Page 804
8.9.5 Corrosion Resistance......Page 805
8.10 Zirconium......Page 819
8.10.1 Applications......Page 822
8.10.2 Corrosion Resistance......Page 824
References......Page 827
9.1 Introduction......Page 830
9.2.1 Metallic Coatings......Page 831
9.2.2 Inorganic Coatings......Page 854
9.2.3 Organic Coatings......Page 859
9.3 Supplementary Protection Systems......Page 878
9.3.2 Water Displacing Compounds......Page 879
References......Page 880
10.1 Introduction......Page 881
10.2 Classification of Inhibitors......Page 882
10.2.1 Passivating (Anodic)......Page 884
10.2.4 Precipitation Inhibitors......Page 885
10.3 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism......Page 886
10.3.1 Inhibitors for Acid Solutions......Page 887
10.3.2 Inhibitors in Near-Neutral Solutions......Page 893
10.3.3 Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Systems......Page 899
10.3.4 Atmospheric and Gaseous Corrosion......Page 905
10.4 Selection of an Inhibitor System......Page 908
References......Page 909
11.1 Introduction......Page 911
11.1.1 Theoretical Basis......Page 912
11.1.2 Protection Criteria......Page 914
11.1.3 Measuring Potentials for Protection Criteria......Page 915
11.2 Sacrificial Anode CP Systems......Page 919
11.2.1 Anode Requirements......Page 920
11.2.2 Anode Materials and Performance Characteristics......Page 921
11.2.3 System Design and Installation......Page 922
11.3 Impressed Current Systems......Page 926
11.3.1 Impressed Current Anodes......Page 928
11.3.2 Impressed Current Anodes for Buried Applications......Page 929
11.3.3 Ground Beds for Buried Structures......Page 932
11.3.4 System Design......Page 933
11.4.1 Corrosion Damage Under Disbonded Coatings......Page 934
11.4.2 General Current Distribution and Attenuation......Page 936
11.4.3 Stray Currents......Page 940
11.5.1 CP System Hardware Performance Monitoring......Page 952
11.5.2 Structure Condition Monitoring......Page 953
References......Page 967
12.1 Introduction......Page 968
12.2 Passivity of Metals......Page 970
12.3 Equipment Required for Anodic Protection......Page 974
12.3.2 Reference Electrode......Page 976
12.4 Design Concerns......Page 977
12.5 Applications......Page 979
12.6 Practical Example: Anodic Protection in the Pulp and Paper Industry......Page 980
References......Page 985
65162_appa.pdf......Page 986
65162_appb.pdf......Page 994
C.1 Introduction......Page 1048
C.2 Cash Flows and Capital Budgeting Techniques......Page 1049
C.3 Generalized Equation for Straight-Line Depreciation......Page 1051
C.4.2 Example 2......Page 1053
C.4.4 Example 4......Page 1054
C.4.5 Example 5......Page 1055
C.5 Summary......Page 1056
D.1.1 Introduction......Page 1057
D.1.2 Electrolyte Conductance......Page 1064
D.1.3 Basic Electrochemical Instrumentation......Page 1071
D.2.1 Free Energy and Electrochemical Cells......Page 1075
D.2.3 Standard Electrode Potentials......Page 1076
D.2.4 Introduction to the Nernst Equation......Page 1077
D.2.5 Advanced Thermodynamics......Page 1079
D.2.6 Potential-pH Diagrams......Page 1086
D.3.1 Kinetics at Equilibrium: The exchange Current Concept......Page 1093
D.3.2 Kinetics Under Polarization......Page 1095
References......Page 1105
65162_appe.pdf......Page 1106
65162_appf.pdf......Page 1146
65162_appg.pdf......Page 1169
Front Matter......Page 1
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 3
I.1 The Cost of Corrosion......Page 10
I.2.3 The Aloha Aircraft Incident......Page 12
I.2.5 Corrosion of the Infrastructure......Page 13
I.3 The Influence of People......Page 14