Contemporary Women’s Health: Issues for Today and the Future

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Brief Contents......Page 5
Table of Content......Page 6
List of Boxes......Page 12
Preface......Page 16
About the Author......Page 22
Part One FOUNDATIONS OF WOMEN’S HEALTH......Page 24
Emphasis On Health Promotion......Page 25
Women’s Health in a Global Society......Page 26
The Women’s Health Movement in the United States......Page 28
The Women’s Social Movement......Page 31
Legislation for Women and Minorities......Page 32
Sexual Discrimination......Page 33
Disparities in Access to Health Care......Page 39
Hispanic or Latino Women......Page 40
African American Women......Page 41
Asian Women......Page 42
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Women......Page 43
Adolescent Females......Page 44
Elderly Women......Page 45
Ethnic, Class, and Gender Bias in Health Research......Page 46
Women’s Health Research......Page 47
Social, Political, and Medical Context......Page 48
Consumerism......Page 51
Choosing a Health Care Provider......Page 52
Health Care Providers......Page 53
Home Health Tests......Page 56
Complementary and Alternative Medicine......Page 57
Herbalism......Page 58
Acupuncture......Page 59
Chiropractic Care......Page 60
Holistic Medicine......Page 61
Prescription Drugs......Page 62
Understanding Drug Labels......Page 63
Using Prescription Drugs Safely......Page 64
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs......Page 65
OTC Drugs Used by Women......Page 66
Prescription and OTC Drug Use during Pregnancy......Page 67
Products......Page 68
Procedures......Page 69
Effects of Advertising......Page 70
Unrealistic Portrayals of Women......Page 71
Health Insurance......Page 73
Medicare and Medicaid......Page 75
Agencies......Page 76
Righting a Wrong......Page 77
What Should be the Public’s Priority: Corporate Profit or Consumer Safety?......Page 78
Affordable Care Act......Page 80
Being a Consumer Advocate......Page 81
Life Expectancy......Page 85
Leading Causes of Death......Page 91
Whole Person Concept......Page 93
Mind, Body, and Spirit......Page 96
World Wellness......Page 97
World Wellness for Women......Page 99
Wellness Versus Illness......Page 101
Treatment......Page 102
Learning and Behavior......Page 103
Theories and Models of Behavior Change......Page 104
Personal Inventory......Page 105
Plan of Action......Page 106
Part Two MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL WELLNESS......Page 110
Theories of Development......Page 111
Women’s Relational Model of Development......Page 112
Mindful Self-Exploration and Integration......Page 113
The Counseling Option......Page 114
Factors for Successful Counseling Outcome......Page 116
Assertiveness Training......Page 117
Effective Communication......Page 118
Self-Esteem Enhancement......Page 119
Body Image and the Media......Page 120
Eating Disorders......Page 122
Grief and Bereavement......Page 123
Women’s Grief......Page 126
Types of Depression......Page 127
Psychosocial Stressors and Depression......Page 128
The Reproductive System and Depression......Page 129
Depression and Genetic Liability......Page 131
Multicultural Issues of Depression and Suicide......Page 132
Medication for Depression......Page 134
Anxiety......Page 135
Seasonal Affective Disorder......Page 136
EMOTIONS AND HEALTH......Page 137
Stress and Perception......Page 142
Fight-or-Flight Response......Page 143
Endocrine System......Page 144
Stress and “Dis-ease”......Page 146
Major Life Events......Page 152
Daily Life Hassles......Page 153
Impact of Multiple Roles......Page 154
Financial Stress......Page 158
The Workforce, Women, and Stress......Page 159
Environmental Stress......Page 160
Stress and Anxiety......Page 161
Stress and Trauma......Page 162
Women in Combat......Page 163
Stress and Nutrition......Page 164
Massage and Reflexology......Page 166
Time Management......Page 167
Mind–Body Medicine: An Overview......Page 168
Biofeedback......Page 169
Meditation......Page 170
Proper Breathing......Page 171
Make Stress Management a Priority......Page 172
Part Three SEXUAL AND RELATIONAL WELLNESS......Page 177
Stages of Dating......Page 178
Gender-Role Attributes......Page 180
Theories of Love......Page 181
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory......Page 182
Biochemistry of Love......Page 183
Traits of a Successful Relationship......Page 185
Marriage and Other Committed Relationships......Page 186
Coupled Households......Page 188
Interracial and Mixed-Race Couples......Page 189
Lesbian Couples......Page 190
Transgender Couples......Page 192
Terminating a Relationship......Page 193
Potential Sources of Conflict......Page 194
Resolving Conflicts—Fighting Fair......Page 196
Celebrating Motherhood......Page 198
Positive Parenting Relationships......Page 199
Mothers and Teen Daughters......Page 200
The Reality of Violence Against Women......Page 205
The Extent of the Problem......Page 206
Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships......Page 207
Types of Abuse......Page 208
Childhood Abuse......Page 209
Abuse and Adult Women......Page 210
Elder Abuse......Page 216
Characteristics of Battered Women......Page 217
Emotional and Psychological Consequences......Page 218
Social Consequences......Page 219
Locating Safe Shelter......Page 220
Healing from Abuse......Page 221
How to Help......Page 222
Self-Caring......Page 223
Personal Level......Page 224
State and Federal Levels......Page 225
External Genitalia......Page 229
Internal Genitalia......Page 231
Breasts......Page 232
Menstruation......Page 234
Pelvic Examination and Pap Test......Page 236
Menstrual Disorders......Page 237
Premenstrual Syndrome......Page 238
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)......Page 239
Hysterectomy......Page 240
Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)......Page 241
Preventing Chronic Conditions......Page 243
Sexuality......Page 244
Aging and Sexual Response......Page 246
Reproductive Health......Page 250
Birth Control Methods......Page 251
Continuous Abstinence......Page 252
Fertility Awareness–Based Methods (Periodic Abstinence)......Page 253
Barrier Methods......Page 255
Hormonal Contraceptives......Page 258
Other Birth Control Methods......Page 262
Maternal and Infant Mortality......Page 264
Conception......Page 266
Home Pregnancy Tests......Page 267
Fetal Development......Page 268
Primary Care Services......Page 269
Birthing Options......Page 271
Breast-Feeding......Page 273
Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 274
Assisted Reproductive Technology......Page 275
Surrogacy......Page 278
Stem Cell Issues......Page 279
Abortion......Page 280
Defining Abortion......Page 281
Postabortion Issues......Page 283
Adoption......Page 284
Foster Care......Page 285
Part Four CONTEMPORARY LIFESTYLE AND SOCIAL ISSUES......Page 291
Guidelines to Good Eating......Page 292
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010......Page 293
Balancing Calories to Manage Weight......Page 295
Foods and Food Products to Reduce......Page 297
Foods and Nutrients to Increase......Page 298
Carbohydrates......Page 299
Protein......Page 300
Vitamins......Page 301
Minerals......Page 302
Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding......Page 307
Nutrient Requirements during Pregnancy......Page 308
Caloric Intake......Page 309
Benefits of Vegetarianism......Page 310
Nutrition and the Consumer......Page 311
Organic Foods......Page 312
Food Labeling......Page 313
Managing Weight Through Nutrition......Page 317
Weight Loss......Page 318
Nutrition and the Aging Population......Page 320
Benefits Of Fitness......Page 324
Cardiorespiratory Endurance......Page 326
Flexibility......Page 327
Muscular Strength and Endurance......Page 329
Personal Fitness Programming......Page 330
Fitness Assessments......Page 331
Getting Started......Page 333
Avoiding Injuries......Page 335
Exercise and the Menstrual Cycle......Page 336
Exercise and Pregnancy......Page 337
Compulsive Exercise......Page 338
Managing Weight Through Exercise......Page 339
Exercising During the Later years......Page 340
Women And Alcohol......Page 344
Alcohol Absorption......Page 345
Women and Alcohol: A Unique Relationship......Page 346
College-Age Women and Alcohol......Page 347
Associated Effects......Page 349
Alcohol and Pregnancy......Page 353
Dependency: What Is It?......Page 355
Is Alcoholism a Disease?......Page 356
A Family Disease......Page 357
What can be Done?......Page 359
Types of Treatment......Page 360
Prevention......Page 361
Tobacco: Looking Back......Page 365
Why Women Smoke......Page 366
Substances in Tobacco......Page 367
Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 368
Smoking and Cancer......Page 369
Addiction......Page 370
Smoking and Pregnancy......Page 371
Behavioral Changes......Page 372
How to Stop Smoking!......Page 373
What Is Caffeine?......Page 374
Caffeine Products......Page 375
Effects of Caffeine on Health......Page 376
Caffeine Research......Page 377
Cocaine and Crack......Page 378
Marijuana......Page 379
Heroin and Methadone......Page 380
Women, Drugs, and HIV Infection......Page 381
Women, Drugs, and Homelessness......Page 382
Part Five COMMUNICABLE AND CHRONIC CONDITIONS......Page 386
The Increasing Threat Posed by Infectious Diseases......Page 387
The Primary Burden of Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 388
Chlamydia......Page 389
Gonorrhea......Page 390
Syphilis......Page 391
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)......Page 392
Human Papillomavirus......Page 394
Vaginitis......Page 395
HIV/AIDS......Page 397
Epidemiology......Page 398
Diagnosis of HIV......Page 399
Treatment of HIV......Page 400
Stis in Women who Have Sex With Women (WSW)......Page 401
Engaging in Less Risky Behaviors with Partners......Page 402
Female Condoms......Page 403
Seasonal Influenza (Flu)......Page 404
Hepatitis A......Page 405
Hepatitis B......Page 406
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)......Page 407
Streptococcal Disease......Page 408
Encephalitis......Page 409
Lyme Disease......Page 410
Inaction Is Unacceptable......Page 414
Normal Cardiovascular Functioning......Page 415
Types of Heart Disease......Page 416
Risk Factors for Heart Disease......Page 422
Stroke......Page 427
Risk Factors for Stroke......Page 428
Osteoporosis......Page 429
Protective Factors against Osteoporosis......Page 431
Diabetes Mellitus......Page 432
Type 1 Diabetes......Page 433
Pregnancy for Women with Diabetes......Page 434
Managing Your Asthma......Page 435
Epilepsy......Page 436
Psychosocial and Economic Considerations......Page 437
Arthritis......Page 438
Rheumatoid Arthritis......Page 439
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)......Page 440
Fibromyalgia......Page 441
Signs and Symptoms......Page 442
Thyroid Disease......Page 443
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)......Page 445
Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 446
Diagnosis......Page 447
Role of Caregiver......Page 448
Defining Cancer......Page 453
Classifi cations of Common Malignancies......Page 454
Causes of Cancer......Page 455
Lifestyle Factors Implicated in Cancer......Page 456
Environmental Factors Implicated in Cancer......Page 457
Lung Cancer......Page 458
Breast Cancer......Page 459
Uterine and Cervical Cancer......Page 464
Ovarian Cancer......Page 465
Skin Cancer......Page 466
Colon and Rectal Cancer......Page 467
Mind-Body......Page 469
Choosing a Treatment Plan......Page 470
Glossary......Page 474
Credits......Page 482
Index......Page 483
Back Cover......Page 498