Contemporary Journalistic Maltese: An Analytical and Comparative Study (Studies in Semitic Languages & Linguistics)

CONTEMPORARY JOURNALISTIC MALTESE: An Analytical and Comparative Study
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
	0.1 Aim of Research
	0.2 Scope of Research
	0.3 Nature and Extent of Previous Studies
	0.4 History of the Press in Malta
		0.41 The Maltese Press Abroad
		0.42 Brief Appraisal of the Historical Aspect of the Maltese Press
	0.5 Present State of the Contemporary Maltese Press
		0.51 The Weekly Newspapers
		0.52 The Daily Newspapers
		0.53 Main Linguistic Trends in the Modern Newspapers
	0.6 Method of Research
1. PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY
	1.1 Phonological and Orthographic Preliminaries
	1.2 The Orthography of the Newspapers
		1.21 Symbols used in the Newspapers
			1.211 Symbols used for the Vowels and Diphthongs in the Newspapers
			1.212 Symbols used for the Consonants in the Newspapers
		1.22 Spelling Trends Peculiar to the Newspapers
			1.221 Phonologically Conditioned Spellings
				1.2211 Modifications involving Vowels and Diphthongs
					(1) Omission of the Vowel i in initial position
					(2) Omission of the Morphologically Pertinent Vowels
					(3) Misplacement of the Euphonic Vowel
					(4) Misplacement of the Prosthetic Vowel
					(5) Replacement of i- by j- as Prefix in the Imperfect
					(6) Replacement of ie by i or e
					(7) Replacement of i or e by ie
				1.2212 Modifications involving Consonants
					(1) Replacement of Consonants by Allophonic Symbols: n > m, d > t, p > b
					(2) Omission of the Consonant r between two other Consonants
					(3) Use of Single instead of Double Consonants
					(4) Use of Double instead of Single Consonants
					(5) Redundant use of għ as length marker
			1.222 Spellings having Morphological Characteristics
				(1) Duplication of j and w for Morphological Reasons
				(2) Misplacement of għ
				(3) Omission of għ
				(4) Redundant use of the Definite Article
			1.223 Appraisal of the Journalistic Trends in Spelling
2. MORPHOLOGY
	2.1 Preliminary Considerations
	2.2 The Verb
		2.21 Semitic Maltese Verbs
		2.22 Romance Maltese Verbs
		2.23 Maltese Verbs derived from English
		2.24 Patterns followed by Romance and English loan verbs
	2.3 The Noun
		2.31 Semitic Maltese Nouns
		2.32 Romance Maltese Nouns
		2.33 Maltese Nouns borrowed from English
	2.4 The Adjective
		2.41 Semitic Maltese Adjectives
		2.42 Romance Maltese Adjectives
		2.43 Maltese Adjectives borrowed from English
	2.5 The Personal Pronouns
	2.6 The Pronominal Suffixes
	2.7 The Adverb
	2.8 The Preposition
	2.9 The Conjunction
3. SYNTAX
	3.1 Preliminary Considerations
	3.2 Definiteness
		3.21 The Definite Article
		3.22 The Pronominal Suffixes with Nouns
		3.23 The Construct State
	3.3 Indefiniteness
		3.31 Absence of the Marker indicating Definiteness
		3.32 The Substitute for the Indefinite Article
		3.33 The Impersonal Wieħed ' One' on its own
		3.34 The Indefinite Determiners Xi 'Some' and Ċertu ' Certain'
		3.35 The Partitive Minn 'Of, From'
		3.36 The Impersonal Passive Form
		3.37 Impersonal use of Intqal 'it was said' and Jingħad 'it is said'
	3.4 The Problem of Definiteness in the Comparative and Superlative Degree
	3.5 Comparison
	3.6 Possibility
	3.7 The Nominativus or Casus Pendens
	3.8 Negation
	3.9 Conditional Sentences
4. LEXICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL ASPECTS
	4.1 Preliminary Considerations
	4.2 Lexical Material
		4.21 Semantic Innovations
		4.22 Morphological Innovations
		4.23 Modified Loan-Words
		4.24 Unmodified Loan-Words
			4.241 Education and Social Communications
				4.2411 Education
				4.2412 Journalism and Photography
				4.2413 Radio and Television
				4.2414 Telephone and Post Office
			4.242 Commerce and Administration
				4.2421 Commercial Terms
				4.2422 Stationery and Clerical Terms
				4.2423 Trade-Unions
				4.2424 Politics
			4.243 Professional and Ecclesiastical Terms
				4.2431 Legal Terms
				4.2432 Medical Terms
				4.2433 Terms dealing with the Police Force and Civilian Prisons
				4.2434 Military Terms
				4.2435 Religious Terms
			4.244 Technical and Mechanical Terms
				4.2441 Traffic Terminology
				4.2442 Vehicles
				4.2443 Aircraft and Airport
				4.2444 Ships and Seaport
				4.2445 Building Industry
				4.2446 Various Instruments
				4.2447 Electricity
			4.245 Terms dealing with Entertainment and Alimentation
				4.2451 Sports
				4.2452 Fashion and Colour
				4.2453 Music
				4.2454 Cinema and Theatre
				4.2455 Catering
				4.2456 Food and Drink
			4.246 General Lexical Items
			4.247 General Conclusions of the Survey dealing with Unmodified Loan-Words
	4.3 Statistical Analysis of the Semitic, Romance and English Vocabulary in Journalistic Maltese
	4.4 Phraseological Material
		4.41 Prepositional Phrases
		4.42 Idiomatic Calques
		4.43 Phraseological Calques
5. STYLE
	5.1 Preliminary Considerations
	5.2 General Description of the Journalistic Genres
	5.3 The Form of the Journalistic Genres
		5.31 The News Report Genre
		5.32 The Editorial Genre
		5.33 The Article Genre
		5.34 The Advertisement Genre
	5.4 Stylistic Analysis of the Content of the Journalistic Genres
		5.41 Style and Vocabulary in the Journalistic Genres
			5.411 Style and Vocabulary in the News Report Genre
				5.4111 Violent or Negative Words
				5.4112 Positive Hyperbolic Words
				5.4113 English Unmodified Loan-Words for Stylistic Reasons
				5.4114 Words exciting Curiosity
			5.412 Style and Vocabulary in the Editorial
				5.4121 Social and Political Vocabulary
				5.4122 English Unmodified Loan-Words for Stylistic Emphasis
				5.4123 Bombastic or Sarcastic Maltese Neologisms
			5.413 Style and Vocabulary in the Article Genre
				5.4131 Neologisms
				5.4132 Archaisms
				5.4133 Calques
				5.4134 English Unmodified Loan-Words and Loan Phrases
				5.4135 Colloquialïsms
				5.4136 Malapropisms
			5.414 Style and Vocabulary in the Advertisement Genre
				5.4141 Use of General Positive Words
				5.4142 "Precious" Language
				5.4143 Calques
				5.4144 Direct Borrowings
				5.4145 General Conclusion Concerning the Lexical Stylistic Aspects of the Journalistic Genres
		5.42 Style and Morphology in the Journalistic Genres
			5.421 Style and Morphology Common to all Four Journalistic Genres
				5.4211 Agreement in Gender between Nouns and their qualifying Adjectives
				5.4212 Agreement in Gender between Subject and Verbal Predicate
				5.4213 Agreement in Number between Noun and Adjective
				5.4214 Agreement in Number between subject and Verb
				5.4215 Redundant Use of the Definite Article
				5.4126 Absence of the Definite Article
				5.4127 Agreement in Tense between Verbs in Parallel Syntactic Structures
				5.4128 Use of Direct instead of Indirect Pronominal Suffixes
			5.422 Frequency Distribution of the Parts of Speech occurring in the Journalistic Genres
				5.4221 The Parts of Speech in the News Report Genre
				5.4222 The Parts of Speech in the Editorial Genre
				5.4223 The Parts of Speech in the Article Genre
				5.4224 The Parts of Speech in the Advertisement Genre
				5.4225 Comparative Frequency Distributions of the Parts of Speech in the Journalistic Genres, Literary Maltese and Spoken Maltese
		5.43 Style and Syntax in the Journalistic Genres
			5.431 Style and Syntax in the News Report
				5.4311 The Relative Clause
				5.4312 The Subordinate Clause
			5.432 Style and Syntax in the Editorial
				5.4321 Relative and Subordinate Clauses
				5.4322 Co-ordinated Nouns, Adjectives and Prepositional Phrases
				5.4323 The Auxiliary Verb and Connected Verbs
				5.4324 Co-ordinated Relative Clauses
				5.4325 Co-ordinated Sentences
				5.4326 Complex Sentences
			5.433 Style and Syntax in the Article Genre
				5.4331 Personal, Indefinite, and Demonstrative Pronouns
				5.4332 Conjunctions and Co-ordinations
				5.4333 Use of the Negative
				5.4334 Compex Syntactic Structures
			5.434 Style and Syntax in the Advertisement Genre
				5.4341 The Imperative
				5.4342 Telegram-like Syntactic Structures
			5.435 General Conclusions Concerning Style and Syntax in the Journalistic Genres
6. CONCLUSIONS
	6.1 Phonology and Orthography
	6.2 Morphology
	6.3 Syntax
	6.4 Lexical and Phraseological Aspects
		6.41 Lexical Material
		6.42 Statistical Analysis of the Semitic, Romance and English Vocabulary in Journalistic Maltese
		6.43 Phraseological Material
	6.5 Style
	6.6 Final Observations
APPENDICES
	A1. THE SEGMENTAL PHONEMES OF STANDARD MALTESE
		A1.1 The Phonemic Vowels and Consonants in Maltese
		A1.2 Symbols
			A1.21 The Vowels
				A1.211 The Short Vowels
				A1.212 The Long Vowels
				A1.213 The Diphthongs
			A1.22 The Consonants
	A2. THE LANGUAGE OF OLDER MALTESE NEWSPAPERS
		A2.1 Preliminaries
		A2.2 Statistical Analysis of the Semitic, Romance and English Vocabulary in 1929-1930 Journalistic Maltese
			A2.21 The News Report
			A2.22 The Editorial
			A2.23 The Article
			A2.24 The Advertisement
			A2.25 The Older Journalistic Language
BIBLIOGRAPHY
	I. Newspapers
	2. Books and Articles
ANALYTICAL INDEX