Constructal Theory of Social Dynamics

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 11
1.1. The Constructal Law......Page 18
1.2. The Urge to Organize Is an Expression of Selfish Behavior......Page 22
1.3. The Distribution of Human Settlements......Page 30
1.4. Human Constructions and Flow Fossils in General......Page 34
1.5. Animal Movement......Page 39
1.5.1. Flying......Page 41
1.5.2. Running......Page 42
1.5.3. Swimming......Page 43
1.6. Patterned Movement and Turbulent Flow Structure......Page 46
1.7. Science as a Constructal Flow Architecture......Page 48
References......Page 49
2.1. Introduction......Page 51
2.2. Natural Versus Social Phenomena: An Important Distinction?......Page 52
2.3.1. The Argentine Railway Network: 1870–1914......Page 54
2.3.2. Mexican Migration to the United States, 1980–2006......Page 61
2.4. Conclusions......Page 64
References......Page 66
3.2. How to Distribute Hot Water over an Area......Page 67
3.3. Tree Network Generated by Repetitive Pairing......Page 71
3.4. Robustness and Complexity......Page 75
3.5. Development of Configuration by Adding New Users to Existing Networks......Page 76
3.6. Social Determinism and Constructal Theory......Page 84
References......Page 86
4.2. Patterns in Natural Flows: The River Basins Case......Page 87
4.2.1. Scaling Laws of River Basins......Page 88
4.3. Patterns of Global Circulations......Page 90
4.4. Flows of People......Page 92
4.4.1. Optimal Flow Tree......Page 93
4.4.2. Fossils of Flows of People......Page 95
References......Page 98
5.1. Introduction......Page 100
5.2. Constructal Law and the Generation of Configuration......Page 101
5.3.1. Formation of Dissimilar Patterns Inside Flow Systems......Page 102
5.3.2. The Shapes of Stony Coral Colonies and Plant Roots......Page 104
5.4.1. Pedestrian Dynamics: Observation and Models......Page 107
5.4.2. Diffusion and Channeling in Pedestrian Motion......Page 110
5.4.3. Crowd Density and Pedestrian Flow......Page 113
5.5.1. The Optimal Gates Geometry......Page 118
5.5.2. Optimal Architecture for Different Locomotion Velocities......Page 119
5.5.3. The Optimal Queuing Flow......Page 121
5.6. Constructal View of Self-organized Pedestrian Movement......Page 123
5.7. Population Motion and Spread of Epidemics......Page 124
5.7.1. Modeling the Spreading of an Epidemic......Page 125
5.7.2. Geotemporal Dynamics of Epidemics......Page 127
References......Page 129
6.1. Introduction......Page 133
6.2.1. Foundations of Constructal Theory......Page 134
6.2.2. The Volume-to-Point Flow Problem......Page 136
6.3.1. Aircraft Design......Page 138
6.3.2. Meteorological Models......Page 140
6.4.1. Air traffic flow......Page 141
6.4.2. The Constructal Law and the Generation of Benford Distribution in ATFM......Page 144
6.4.3. Spatial Patterns of Airport Flows......Page 147
6.4.4. Temporal Patterns of Airport Flows......Page 151
6.4.5. Aircraft Fleets......Page 153
6.5. Conclusions......Page 156
References......Page 157
7.1. Introduction......Page 160
7.1.1. Physics and Engineering in Previous Sociology......Page 161
7.2. Theorizing the Global......Page 167
7.2.1. Globalization......Page 168
References......Page 172
8.1. Reinforcement Learning......Page 174
8.1.2. Interval Timing: Why Wait?......Page 175
8.2. What are the Alternatives to Optimality?......Page 179
References......Page 180
9.1. The Natural and the Social Sciences......Page 181
9.2. Conflict and Conciliation Dynamics (CCD)......Page 184
9.3. CCD Flow Chart Representation of a Conflict and Peace Process......Page 186
9.3.1. Oslo Agreement Game (1993)......Page 189
9.3.3. Militant Game......Page 190
9.4. Empirical Checks and Discussion......Page 191
9.5. Conclusions......Page 193
References......Page 194
10.1. Introduction......Page 195
10.2.1. The Fokker–Planck Diffusion Equation......Page 196
10.2.2. The State-Space and Quadratic Mortality Equations......Page 198
10.3. Findings from Empirical Applications......Page 200
10.4. Extensions of the Random Walk Model......Page 204
10.5. Conclusion......Page 206
Reference......Page 207
11.2. Introduction......Page 209
11.2.1. Precursors Within Social Network Analysis......Page 210
11.2.2. Notation......Page 211
11.3. Generalized Location Systems......Page 212
11.4. Modeling Location Systems......Page 213
11.4.1.A Family of Social Potentials......Page 214
11.4.2. Thermodynamic Properties of the Location System Model......Page 218
11.4.3. Simulation......Page 219
11.4.3.1. The Location System Model as a Constrained Optimization Process......Page 220
11.5.1. Job Segregation, Discrimination, and Inequality......Page 221
11.5.2. Settlement Patterns and Residential Segregation......Page 227
References......Page 233
12.1. Introduction......Page 236
12.2. Potential Determinants of Ethnic Residential Segregation......Page 237
12.3. Research Methodology......Page 240
12.4. Simulation Results......Page 243
References......Page 255
13.2. Introduction......Page 258
13.3. Corporate Interlocks......Page 260
13.5. Methodology......Page 263
13.6. Analysis......Page 264
References......Page 272
14.1. Introduction......Page 274
14.2. Sustainability and Its Evaluation......Page 275
14.3. The Constructal Law of Maximum Flow Access......Page 278
14.3.1. Application to Complex Structures: Design of Platform of Customizable Products......Page 279
14.4. The Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics......Page 280
14.5.1. The Stakeholder Approach......Page 283
14.5.3. The Objectives of Research......Page 285
14.6. Conclusions......Page 287
References......Page 288
15.2. Introduction: Competition for Energy, Fuel, Food, and Wealth......Page 290
15.2.1. The Inequality Process (IP) as an Evolutionary Optimizer......Page 292
15.2.2. Mathematical Description of the IP......Page 293
15.3.1. The Exact Solution......Page 295
15.3.2.An Approximation to the Exact Solution......Page 296
15.4. The IP, an Evolutionary Process......Page 298
15.5. The Empirical Evidence That Robust Losers Are the More Productive Particles......Page 301
15.6. Conclusions......Page 304
References......Page 305
16.2.1. What Is a Written Language?......Page 308
16.2.2.How Does Constructal Theory Apply?......Page 309
16.2.3. Origins of Written Language......Page 310
16.3.1. Creation of First Pairing Level......Page 311
16.3.2. Evolution of First Pairing Level......Page 314
16.4.1. Creation of Second Pairing Level......Page 318
16.4.2. Evolution of Second Pairing Level......Page 323
16.5. Conclusions......Page 324
References......Page 325
17.1. What is Life?......Page 326
17.2. Psyche, the "Higher" Cognition......Page 327
17.2.1. From Aristotle's Hylemorphism to the Rationalization of Probabilities......Page 328
17.2.2. The Cognitive Implication......Page 331
17.2.3. Empirism Probabilis and Vis Formandi......Page 332
17.3.1. The Impossible Emergence of the Emergence......Page 333
17.3.3. Matter as Kaos......Page 334
17.4.1. The Intentional and Non-intentional Beings......Page 335
17.4.2. The Descent of Darwin, and Selection in Relation to Ideology......Page 337
17.5.1. History Versus Historicity, Continuous Versus Discreet......Page 339
17.5.2. The Psyche......Page 340
17.6. Nature and Cognitive Computer Science......Page 341
17.6.1. Neural Networks Versus Constructal Architectures......Page 342
17.6.2. Cellular Automata and the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction......Page 345
17.6.3. RD-Computation or Simulation of the Individuation?......Page 346
17.7.2. The Constructal Law Definition......Page 348
17.8. A Never-Ending Story......Page 349
References......Page 351
C......Page 355
E......Page 356
I......Page 357
P......Page 358
S......Page 359
Z......Page 360