Constitutional Law for a Changing America

Chronological Table of Cases......Page 16
Tables, Figures, and Boxes......Page 20
Preface......Page 39
The Supreme Court and the Amendment Process......Page 50
1. UNDERSTANDING THE U.S. SUPREME COURT......Page 67
Processing Supreme Court Cases......Page 69
Supreme Court Decision Making: Legalism......Page 97
Supreme Court Decision Making: Realism......Page 123
Conducting Research on the Supreme Court......Page 146
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 152
2. THE JUDICIARY: INSTITUTIONAL POWERS AND CONSTRAINTS......Page 165
Judicial Review......Page 167
Marbury v. Madison (1803)......Page 172
Constraints on Judicial Power......Page 196
Ex parte McCardle (1869)......Page 200
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 225
3. INCORPORATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS......Page 230
Must States Abide by the Bill of Rights? Initial Responses......Page 231
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)......Page 233
Incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment: Early Interpretations......Page 242
Hurtado v. California (1884)......Page 248
A Standard Emerges......Page 259
Palko v. Connecticut (1937)......Page 265
Incorporation in the Aftermath of Palko......Page 276
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)......Page 282
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 300
Approaching Civil Liberties......Page 303
4. RELIGION: EXERCISE AND ESTABLISHMENT......Page 312
Defining Religion......Page 315
Free Exercise of Religion......Page 322
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)......Page 330
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)......Page 350
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)......Page 362
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)......Page 389
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)......Page 410
Religious Establishment......Page 432
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)......Page 442
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp; Murray v. Curlett (1963)......Page 460
Lemon v. Kurtzman; Earley v. DiCenso (1971)......Page 486
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)......Page 506
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)......Page 536
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)......Page 561
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)......Page 584
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)......Page 604
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 622
5. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ASSEMBLY, AND ASSOCIATION......Page 628
The Development of Legal Standards: The Emergence of Law in Times of Crisis......Page 630
Schenck v. United States (1919)......Page 637
Abrams v. United States (1919)......Page 653
Gitlow v. New York (1925)......Page 664
Dennis v. United States (1951)......Page 700
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)......Page 718
Contemporary Tests and Constitutional Guidelines......Page 738
Content and Contexts......Page 747
United States v. O’Brien (1968)......Page 753
Texas v. Johnson (1989)......Page 763
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)......Page 788
Cohen v. California (1971)......Page 795
McCullen et al. v. Coakley, Attorney General of Massachusetts et al. (2014)......Page 808
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)......Page 829
United States v. Alvarez (2012)......Page 847
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)......Page 865
Morse v. Frederick (2007)......Page 876
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)......Page 899
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc. (2006)......Page 911
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)......Page 932
Central Hudson Gas and Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission of New York (1980)......Page 945
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)......Page 960
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 976
6. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS......Page 984
Prior Restraint......Page 988
Near v. Minnesota (1931)......Page 989
New York Times v. United States (1971)......Page 1003
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)......Page 1027
Government Control of Press Content......Page 1043
News Gathering and Special Rights......Page 1058
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)......Page 1063
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1080
7. THE BOUNDARIES OF FREE EXPRESSION: LIBEL, OBSCENITY, AND EMERGING AREAS OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION......Page 1083
Libel......Page 1085
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)......Page 1088
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)......Page 1114
Obscenity......Page 1127
Roth v. United States (1957)......Page 1139
Miller v. California (1973)......Page 1159
New York v. Ferber (1982)......Page 1177
Cruelty and Violence......Page 1199
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)......Page 1203
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1222
8. THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND THE INTERNET......Page 1225
Shielding Children from Access to Sexually Explicit Material......Page 1228
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)......Page 1233
Prohibiting Child Pornography......Page 1249
United States v. Williams (2008)......Page 1257
Emerging Issues......Page 1270
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1274
9. THE RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS......Page 1276
Initial Interpretations......Page 1279
The Second Amendment Revisited......Page 1285
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)......Page 1287
Heller and the States......Page 1304
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1307
10. THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY......Page 1310
The Right to Privacy: Foundations......Page 1311
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)......Page 1323
Reproductive Freedom and the Right to Privacy: Abortion......Page 1342
Roe v. Wade (1973)......Page 1355
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)......Page 1383
Private Activities and the Application of Griswold......Page 1428
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)......Page 1437
Same-Sex Marriage......Page 1458
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)......Page 1462
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990)......Page 1496
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1523
Trends in Court Decision Making......Page 1532
11. INVESTIGATIONS AND EVIDENCE......Page 1543
Searches and Seizures......Page 1544
Katz v. United States (1967)......Page 1550
United States v. Jones (2012)......Page 1565
Illinois v. Gates (1983)......Page 1583
Florida v. Jardines (2013)......Page 1600
Safford Unified School District #1 v. Redding (2009)......Page 1613
Terry v. Ohio (1968)......Page 1631
Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule......Page 1644
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 1649
United States v. Leon (1984)......Page 1670
Hudson v. Michigan (2006)......Page 1685
The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination......Page 1699
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)......Page 1710
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)......Page 1726
Missouri v. Seibert (2004)......Page 1745
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1759
12. ATTORNEYS, TRIALS, AND PUNISHMENTS......Page 1766
The Right to Counsel......Page 1767
Powell v. Alabama (1932)......Page 1775
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)......Page 1788
The Pretrial Period and the Right to Bail......Page 1804
The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trials......Page 1808
Batson v. Kentucky (1986)......Page 1818
Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966)......Page 1838
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (1980)......Page 1854
Trial Proceedings......Page 1865
Final Trial Stage: An Overview of Sentencing......Page 1874
The Eighth Amendment......Page 1878
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)......Page 1892
Atkins v. Virginia (2002)......Page 1927
Posttrial Protections and the Double Jeopardy Clause......Page 1950
Postrelease Protections......Page 1957
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1959
The Fifteenth Amendment......Page 1967
13. DISCRIMINATION......Page 1988
Race Discrimination and the Foundations of Equal Protection......Page 1990
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)......Page 1993
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)......Page 2010
Brown v. Board of Education (I) (1954)......Page 2022
Brown v. Board of Education (II) (1955)......Page 2041
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)......Page 2051
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1; Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education (2007)......Page 2066
Modern-Day Treatment of Equal Protection Claims......Page 2089
Rational Basis Scrutiny......Page 2094
Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)......Page 2098
Strict Scrutiny and Claims of Race Discrimination......Page 2107
Loving v. Virginia (1967)......Page 2112
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)......Page 2138
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)......Page 2157
Heightened Scrutiny and Claims of Gender Discrimination......Page 2182
Reed v. Reed (1971)......Page 2192
Craig v. Boren (1976)......Page 2204
United States v. Virginia (1996)......Page 2230
Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation......Page 2247
Romer v. Evans (1996)......Page 2252
Discrimination Based on Economic Status......Page 2266
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)......Page 2271
Discrimination against Aliens......Page 2287
Plyler v. Doe (1982)......Page 2290
State Action Requirement......Page 2305
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)......Page 2309
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961)......Page 2319
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis (1972)......Page 2328
Contemporary Developments in Discrimination Law......Page 2338
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 2340
14. VOTING AND REPRESENTATION......Page 2346
Elections and the Court......Page 2347
Bush v. Gore (2000)......Page 2348
Voting Rights......Page 2368
South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966)......Page 2383
Shelby Country, Alabama v. Holder, Attorney General, et al. (2013)......Page 2396
Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (2008)......Page 2415
Regulation of Election Campaigns......Page 2430
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)......Page 2436
McCutcheon, et al. v. Federal Election Commission (2014)......Page 2456
Political Representation......Page 2473
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)......Page 2484
Miller v. Johnson (1995)......Page 2500
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 2519
Reference Material......Page 2523
Constitution of the United States......Page 2524
The Justices......Page 2580
Glossary......Page 2599
Online Case Archive Index......Page 2620
Case Index......Page 2628
Subject Index......Page 2659
About the Authors......Page 2720