Constitutional Interpretation

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Summary of Contents......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
CHAPTER 1: JUDICIAL POWER......Page 16
Judicial Review......Page 18
Original Jurisdiction......Page 32
Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions......Page 33
Appellate Jurisdiction......Page 38
Checking the Court......Page 40
The Structure of the Judicial System......Page 41
The Writ of Certiorari......Page 42
The Process by Which the Supreme Court Decides Cases......Page 49
Judicial Independence......Page 53
Case and Controversy......Page 54
Ripeness......Page 60
Standing......Page 63
Political Questions......Page 69
The Debate over Justiciability......Page 88
Discretionary and Ministerial Acts......Page 89
CHAPTER 2: THE MODES OF CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION......Page 90
The Traditional Theory of Judicial Review: Constitutional Absolutism or Interpretivism......Page 91
The Balancing of Interests or Judicial Self-Restraint......Page 96
Strict Scrutiny or the Preferred Freedoms Approach......Page 101
The Court in American History: Judicial Values and Constitutional Interpretation......Page 104
Speaking Up and Speaking More......Page 113
The Court and Political Accountability......Page 115
Qualifications of Members of Congress......Page 118
Enumerated and Implied Powers......Page 120
Amendment-Enforcing Powers......Page 127
Inherent Powers......Page 136
The Treaty Power......Page 139
B. DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWER......Page 142
C. THE POWER TO INVESTIGATE......Page 162
Investigations and the First Amendment......Page 171
Immunity......Page 174
D. THE SPEECH OR DEBATE CLAUSE (CONGRESSIONAL IMMUNITY)......Page 178
A. THE PRESIDENT'S APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS......Page 183
Theories of Executive Power......Page 197
Presidential Power Under Nixon......Page 222
Executive Privilege......Page 225
The Attorney-Client and Protective Function Privileges......Page 235
Liability of the President for Damages......Page 237
Executive Agreements......Page 243
Presidential Dominance in Foreign Relations......Page 249
The Power to Use Military Force......Page 254
D. GEORGE W. BUSH AND THE CONCEPT OF THE UNILATERAL PRESIDENCY......Page 264
CHAPTER 5: POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IN THE FEDERAL SYSTEM......Page 282
Dual Federalism......Page 283
National Supremacy and Cooperative Federalism......Page 285
A. THE GENERAL SCOPE OF CONGRESS'S POWER TO REGULATE INTERSTATE COMMERCE......Page 288
The “Federal Police Power”......Page 298
The Commerce Power and Racial Discrimination......Page 303
The Rise of Dual Federalism......Page 311
The Decline of Dual Federalism......Page 325
C. REKINDLING DUAL FEDERALISM: THE REHNQUIST COURT......Page 336
The Rehnquist Court and the Commerce Clause......Page 337
The Eleventh Amendment......Page 351
D. THE TAXING AND SPENDING POWER......Page 355
The Rise of Dual Federalism......Page 358
The Decline of Dual Federalism......Page 365
The Police Power......Page 377
Federal Preemption and Federal Dictation......Page 380
The Interstate Movement of Persons......Page 401
The Negative or Dormant Commerce Clause......Page 405
Judicial Federalism......Page 422
CHAPTER 7: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC LIBERTIES......Page 425
A. THE CONTRACT CLAUSE AND THE STATE POLICE POWER......Page 426
Social Darwinism......Page 438
The Rise of "Liberty of Contract"......Page 440
The End of "Liberty of Contract"......Page 455
C. THE REGULATION AND "TAKING" OF PROPERTY......Page 461
D. NON-TRADITIONAL PROPERTY INTERESTS......Page 479
The Bill of Rights Before Incorporation......Page 485
The Theories and Process of Incorporation......Page 492
The Jury Trial Guarantee: A Case Study of Incorporation......Page 509
The Nonincorporated Second Amendment......Page 515
Competing Priorities in Criminal Justice......Page 521
The Right to Counsel at Trial......Page 527
The Pretrial Right to Counsel......Page 536
C. THE RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION......Page 552
The Voluntariness of Confessions Before Miranda......Page 560
Admissibility of Confessions After Miranda......Page 561
D. CONFRONTATION AND CROSSEXAMINATION......Page 567
Punishment for an Act, Not a Condition......Page 574
The Death Penalty......Page 579
Victim Impact Evidence......Page 604
Mandatory Life Imprisonment......Page 608
Forfeiture......Page 609
The Ex Post Facto Clause and Sex Offenders......Page 610
Confining Dangerous Persons Other Than Upon Criminal Conviction......Page 615
Excessive Fines and Excessive Bail......Page 617
A. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE......Page 620
Consent......Page 640
Search Incident to Arrest......Page 644
Hot Pursuit......Page 648
Motor Vehicles......Page 649
Plain Sight......Page 655
Emergencies and Inspections......Page 662
Street Stops......Page 667
Border Searches......Page 677
Probable Cause and Reasonableness......Page 678
C. CURRENT CONTROVERSIES IN SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW......Page 680
D. WIRETAPPING AND EAVESDROPPING......Page 702
Reproductive Rights and Family Values Before Griswold......Page 728
Recognizing a Constitutional Right of Privacy......Page 730
Abortion......Page 737
Restricting the Use of Public Funds and Facilities in Performing Abortions......Page 761
Other Lifestyle Issues......Page 767
The Right to Die......Page 779
CHAPTER 11: FREEDOM OF SPEECH......Page 791
The Literal Meaning of "Speech"......Page 792
The Social Function of Speech......Page 794
The Effects of Speech......Page 797
Justices Holmes and Brandeis and the "Clear and Present Danger" Test......Page 798
The "Bad Tendency" Test......Page 803
The Preferred Freedoms Approach......Page 807
The "Clear and Probable Danger" Test......Page 814
"Clear and Present Danger" Triumphant......Page 818
The "Heckler's Veto"......Page 825
B. TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER LIMITATIONS......Page 828
Speech in a "Public Forum"......Page 829
Speech on Private Property......Page 854
Offensiveness......Page 866
Compelling the Flag Salute......Page 874
Protest in School......Page 881
Draft Card Burning and the Beginning of Intermediate Scrutiny in the Regulation of "Speech Plus"......Page 886
Flag Burning and Nude Dancing: Whether to Apply the O'Brien Test......Page 889
Cross Burning and Hate Speech......Page 896
Campaign Finance Reform......Page 903
Corporate Speech......Page 915
Party Patronage......Page 923
E. COMMERCIAL SPEECH......Page 930
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 947
CHAPTER 12: FREEDOM OF THE PRESS......Page 950
The Right to Publish......Page 951
Confidentiality of Sources......Page 975
The Right of Access......Page 982
B. OBSCENITY......Page 997
C. LIBEL......Page 1027
D. FAIR TRIAL-FREE PRESS......Page 1048
A. THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE......Page 1064
Prayer, Bible-Reading, and Sunday Closing Laws......Page 1068
The Lemon Test and Financial Aid to Religion......Page 1079
Whither Lemon?......Page 1106
B. THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF......Page 1121
CHAPTER 14: EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS......Page 1142
The Doctrine of "Separate but Equal"......Page 1143
The Brown Decision......Page 1149
The Scope and Duration of Desegregation......Page 1160
Proving Discriminatory Intent......Page 1180
Affirmative Action or "Reverse Discrimination"......Page 1186
B. "PRIVATE" DISCRIMINATION AND THE CONCEPT OF "STATE ACTION"......Page 1200
"State Action" Under the Fourteenth Amendment......Page 1204
Reaching Private Conduct Through the Thirteenth Amendment......Page 1214
Private Discrimination and First Amendment Issues......Page 1222
The Voting Rights Act......Page 1230
Voting Rights and Constitutional Access to the Ballot......Page 1237
The 2000 Presidential Election......Page 1243
D. MALAPPORTIONMENT......Page 1249
E. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION......Page 1274
Social Welfare Benefits and Limitations on the Right to Travel......Page 1276
Indigency......Page 1283
Illegitimacy......Page 1294
Gender......Page 1298
Age......Page 1320
Mental Impairment......Page 1324
Sexual Preference......Page 1326
Alienage......Page 1343
APPENDIX A. TIME CHART Of THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT......Page 1352
APPENDIX B. BIOGRAPHICAL CHART OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICES SINCE 1900......Page 1358
APPENDIX C. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE CURRENT JUSTICES......Page 1364
APPENDIX D. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES......Page 1368
APPENDIX E. A BRIEF GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATIONS AND RESEARCH......Page 1382
Exhibit E.1 The National Reporter System......Page 1383
Exhibit E.2 Map of the National Reporter System......Page 1384
Glossary......Page 1388
Index......Page 1396
Table of Cases......Page 1414