Constitutional Exclusion: The Rules, Rights, And Remedies That Strike The Balance Between Freedom And Order

contents
 Preface xiii
 Introduction xv
 chapter 1: the fourth amendment exclusionary rule 1
Introduction 1
 A. The Basic Fourth Amendment Rule 1
 B. The Origin and Development of the Fourth
Amendment Exclusionary Rule: A Brief Historical
Overview 4
 C. The Legitimacy of and the Rationales for the
Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule 18
 D. The Reach of the Fourth Amendment
Exclusionary Rule 28
1. Evidence Presumptively Subject to Suppression: The
Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule Prohibition on
Both Primary and Derivative Evidence 28
2. Proceedings in Which the Exclusionary Rule Operates 32
3. The “Standing” Doctrine: A Restriction of the Individuals
Entitled to Evidentiary Suppression 35
4. A Possible “Culpability” Limitation on the Scope of the
Exclusionary Rule 41
5. Exceptions to the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary
Rule 42
 E. Refl ections on the Fourth Amendment
Exclusionary Rule 58
 chapter 2: fifth and fourteenth amendment exclusion
of confessions 61
Introduction 61
 A. The Basic Fifth Amendment Privilege and Due Process
Clause Rules 61
 B. A History of Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment
Exclusion: The Origins and Evolution of the Dual
Constitutional Bars to Coerced Confessions 63 
viii contents
 1. Common Law Precursors: The “Nemo Tenetur” and
“Voluntariness” Doctrines 63
2. The Origins and Development of the Dual Constitutional
Bars to Involuntary Confessions 65
 C. The Nature of and Rationales for the Due Process
and Fifth Amendment Rules 81
 D. The Reach of the Fourteenth and Fifth Amendment
Rights to Exclusion 86
 1. Evidence Subject to Suppression under the Due
Process Clause and the Privilege against Compulsory
Self-Incrimination 86
2. Proceedings in Which the Rights to Exclude
Apply 91
3. Individuals Entitled to Exclude Coerced
Confessions 94
4. Exceptions to the Exclusionary Commands of the Due
Process Clause and Fifth Amendment Privilege 96
 E. Refl ections on the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment
Rights to Exclusion 104
 chapter 3: the miranda exclusionary rule 107
Introduction 107
 A. The Basic Miranda Exclusionary Rule 107
 B. The Origin and Transformations of the Miranda
Exclusionary Rule: A Historical Account 110
 C. The Rationales for and Legitimacy of the Miranda
Exclusionary Rule 122
 D. The Reach and Operation of the Miranda
Exclusionary Rule 132
 1. Evidence Subject to Exclusion: The Narrow Scope of
Miranda’s Rule of Inadmissibility 132
2. Proceedings in Which the Miranda Rule Bars
Statements 136
3. “Standing” to Suppress Statements Under Miranda 139
4. Exceptions to the Miranda Exclusionary Rule 139
 E. Concluding Refl ections upon the Miranda
Exclusionary Rule 151 
contents ix
 chapter 4: the massiah doctrine: sixth amendment
exclusion of confessions 155
Introduction 155
 A. The Basic Massiah Suppression Doctrine 156
 B. The Inception and Development of Massiah ’s Sixth
Amendment Exclusion Doctrine: A Brief History 159
 C. The Justifi cations for, Nature of, and Legitimacy of
the Massiah Suppression Doctrine 173
 D. The Scope and Operation of the Massiah
Exclusionary Rule 182
 1. Evidence Subject to Exclusion: The Presumptive Reach of
Sixth Amendment Suppression 182
2. Proceedings in Which the Sixth Amendment Bars
Evidence 188
3. “Standing” to Raise a Sixth Amendment Exclusion Claim:
The Individuals Entitled to Massiah’s Suppression
Remedy 194
4. Exceptions to the Massiah Exclusionary Rule 195
 E. Concluding Refl ections upon Massiah ’s Sixth
Amendment Exclusionary Rule 217
 chapter 5: sixth amendment exclusion of eyewitness
identifications 219
Introduction 219
 A. The Basic Sixth Amendment Bar to Eyewitness
Identifi cation Evidence 220
 B. The Origins and Development of Right to Counsel
Suppression of Eyewitness Identifi cations 222
 C. The Justifi cations for and Legitimacy of Sixth
Amendment Exclusion of Eyewitness Identifi cation
Evidence 236
 D. The Scope and Operation of the Wade-Gilbert
Exclusion Doctrine 243
 1. Suppressible Evidence: The Presumptive Scope of
Right-to-Counsel Exclusion of Identifi cation
Evidence 244
x contents
2. Proceedings in Which the Wade-Gilbert Suppression
Doctrine Operates 250
3. “Standing” to Seek the Exclusion of Eyewitness
Identifi cations: The Persons Entitled to Bar Evidence 253
4. Exceptions to the Wade-Gilbert Suppression Doctrine 254
 E. Conclusions about Sixth Amendment Exclusion
of Eyewitness Identifi cations 270
 chapter 6: due process exclusion of eyewitness
identifications 273
Introduction 273
 A. The Basic Due Process Clause Bar to Eyewitness
Identifi cation Evidence 275
 B. The Birth and Development of the Due Process
Bar to Eyewitness Identifi cation Evidence 277
 C. The Nature of and Rationales for the Due Process
Bar to Eyewitness Identifi cation Evidence 294
 D. The Reach and Operation of Due Process
Suppression of Eyewitness Identifi cations 302
 1. Evidence Subject to Exclusion: The Presumptive Scope of
the Fourteenth Amendment Bar 303
2. Proceedings in Which Due Process Excludes Evidence 307
3. “Standing” to Claim Due Process Exclusion: The Persons
Entitled to Bar Eyewitness Identifi cations 310
4. Exceptions to Stovall’s Due Process Suppression
Doctrine 312
 E. Conclusions about the Due Process Bar to
Eyewitness Identifi cation Evidence 322
 chapter 7: confrontation clause exclusion of hearsay 325
Introduction 325
 A. A Basic Sketch of the Confrontation Clause Bar
to Hearsay 326
 B. A History of the Confrontation Clause Barrier to
Hearsay: The Birth and Development of Sixth
Amendment Exclusion 328 
contents xi
 1. From 1878–1980: The First Century of Confrontation
Clause Exclusion 329
2. From 1980–2004: The Rise and Fall of the Roberts
Framework 339
3. From 2004 Into the Future: The Crawford Revolution 354
 C. The Nature of and Justifi cations for Confrontation
Clause Exclusion of Hearsay 359
 D. The Scope and Operation of the Sixth Amendment
Right to Exclude Hearsay 366
 1. The Evidence Subject to Suppression: Unconfrontable
Testimonial Hearsay 367
2. Proceedings in Which the Confrontation Clause Bars
Hearsay 380
3. “Standing” to Exclude Testimonial Hearsay 384
4. Exceptions to the Sixth Amendment Right to Exclusion 384
 E. Refl ections upon Confrontation Clause Exclusion
of Hearsay 399
 Conclusion: Refl ections upon Constitutional Exclusion 401
 Table of Cases 407
 Index 421