Conservation by Proxy: Indicator, Umbrella, Keystone, Flagship, and Other Surrogate Species

Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 16
Shortcuts......Page 19
Usage......Page 21
Remarkable Species......Page 26
Scale......Page 27
Surrogate Species in Systematic Conservation......Page 31
Taxonomy of Surrogate Species......Page 33
Other Terms......Page 34
Loose Definitions......Page 35
Lax Terminology......Page 40
Multiple Application and Purpose......Page 41
Hidden Agendas and Research Displacement Activities......Page 44
Summary......Page 45
A Big Picture......Page 49
Congruency of Species Richness......Page 50
Environmental Surrogates......Page 54
Higher Taxa......Page 55
Congruency of Endemism......Page 57
Congruency of Rarity......Page 60
Congruency of Threatened Species......Page 61
Complementarity and Congruency......Page 63
Global Scale......Page 68
Continental Scale......Page 69
Biodiversity Distribution and Protected Areas......Page 71
Pratical Application......Page 75
Summary......Page 76
A Smaller Scale......Page 79
Cross-Taxon Congruence of Species Richness......Page 80
Within-Taxon Congruence of Species Richness......Page 84
Congruency of Endemism, Congruency of Rarity, and Congruency of Threatened Species......Page 90
Species Richness and Endemism......Page 92
Species Richness and Rarity......Page 94
Species Richness and Threatened Species......Page 96
Species Richness......Page 97
Other Biodiversity Measures......Page 100
Persistence......Page 101
Higher Taxa......Page 102
Protected Area of Coverage......Page 104
Marine Reserve Prioritization......Page 107
Environmental Surrogates......Page 108
Combining Environmental and Taxonomic Surrogates......Page 112
Practical Issues......Page 113
Summary......Page 114
Three Conservation Goals......Page 117
Lambeck\'s Insight......Page 120
Plants......Page 121
Invertebrates......Page 123
Mammals......Page 124
Birds......Page 126
Choosing an Appropriate Umbrella Species......Page 131
Problems with Umbrella Species......Page 135
Management Implications......Page 137
Landscape Species......Page 138
Summary......Page 142
Classic Kestone Species......Page 145
Wider Scope......Page 147
Mesopredator Release in Temperate Ecosystems......Page 150
Ecological Meltdown in the Neotropics......Page 152
Keystone Introductions......Page 154
Removing Invasive Species......Page 156
Problems with Using Keystone Species as a Conservation Tool......Page 157
Reasons for Continuing to Use Keystone Species......Page 160
Ecosystem Engineers......Page 161
Mechanisms of Habitat Modification......Page 162
Examples of Ecosystem Engineers......Page 164
Difficulties in using Ecosystem Engineers in Conservation......Page 169
Foundation Species......Page 171
Management Issues......Page 172
Summary......Page 174
Ecosystem Health and Biological Integrity......Page 177
Environmental Indicators......Page 180
Sentinel Species......Page 185
Marine Pollution......Page 187
Freshwater Pollution......Page 189
River Modification......Page 192
Marine Fisheries......Page 195
Climate Change in Marine Ecosystems......Page 199
Proliferation and Obfuscation of Terms......Page 202
Summary......Page 203
Effects of Disturbance......Page 207
Proposed Criteria for Indicator Species......Page 208
Single Species......Page 212
Species-Groups......Page 214
Forest Fragmentation: BDFFP......Page 215
Countryside Biogeography......Page 221
Tropical Plantations......Page 224
Exurban USA......Page 227
Changes in Populations over Time......Page 228
Determining the Number of Species-Groups......Page 229
Management Pointers......Page 231
Summary......Page 232
Habitat Alteration......Page 235
Land-Use Changes......Page 237
Agricultural Landscapes......Page 242
Management Areas......Page 245
Intraguild-Response Indicator Species......Page 246
Population Changes......Page 247
Management Indicator Species......Page 248
Difficulties with the MIS Concept......Page 251
Early Warnings......Page 252
Substitute Species......Page 256
Problems with Cross-Taxon-Response Indicator Species......Page 257
Summary......Page 260
Characteristics of Flagship Species......Page 263
Multiple Objectives......Page 264
Public Awareness......Page 267
Reserve Establishment......Page 269
Qualities of Flagship Species......Page 275
Iconic Species......Page 276
What Next?......Page 277
Summary......Page 278
Surrogate Categories......Page 281
Synopsis......Page 282
Multi-Surrogacy......Page 286
Predictive Powers of Surrogate Species......Page 288
Distribution of Biodiversity......Page 289
Reserve Selection......Page 292
Reserve Design and Management......Page 295
Species Indicators of Anthropogenic Change......Page 296
Promoting Conservation......Page 299
Wrap-Up......Page 301
Summary......Page 302
References......Page 305
Scientific Names of Species Mentioned in the Text......Page 373
Index......Page 383