Conservation Biogeography

Cover Page......Page 1
COMPANION WEBSITE......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN 9781444335033......Page 5
PART 2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF DIVERSITY: CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS......Page 6
PART 4: FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Contributing Authors......Page 12
PART 1 ROOTS, RELEVANCE, AIMS AND VALUES......Page 13
1.1 WHAT IS CONSERVATION BIOGEOGRAPHY?......Page 15
1.2 THE EMERGENCE OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 16
1.3.1 To what ends?......Page 19
1.4 OUTLINE OF THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS......Page 23
SUGGESTED READING......Page 24
2.1 MANY VALUES, MANY GOALS......Page 25
2.2 THE ORIGINS AND VALUES OF DIFFERENT PROTECTED AREA TYPES......Page 26
2.2.1 Sacred sites......Page 28
2.2.2 Resource and game reserves......Page 29
2.2.3 State and country parks......Page 30
2.2.4 Nature monuments and nature reserves......Page 31
2.2.6 Wilderness areas......Page 32
2.2.7 National parks......Page 33
2.3 RESERVE DESIGNATIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS......Page 34
2.4 AN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR CATEGORIZING PROTECTED AREAS......Page 35
2.5.1 Attitudes to non native species......Page 38
2.5.2 Restoration and rewilding......Page 40
2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 41
SUGGESTED READING......Page 42
3.2 ECOSYSTEM COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION......Page 43
3.3 BALANCE VERSUS FLUX......Page 44
3.4 UNDERSTANDING ECOSYSTEMS IN FLUX......Page 46
3.5.1 Baselines derived from relict pristine systems......Page 50
3.5.2 Baselines derived from long-term ecology......Page 51
3.5.3 Rewilding......Page 53
3.6 ADAPTIVE ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT......Page 54
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 56
PART 2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF DIVERSITY: CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS......Page 57
4.1.1 Our incomplete knowledge of biodiversity......Page 59
4.1.2 Why do we map?......Page 60
4.2.1 The Linnean shortfall......Page 61
4.2.2 The Wallacean shortfall......Page 66
4.2.3 The extinction estimate shortfall......Page 70
4.3.1 Species versus other genetically based conservation units......Page 74
4.3.2 Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs)......Page 76
4.4.1 Mapping species individually and collectively......Page 77
4.4.2 Phylogeography......Page 84
4.4.3 Endemism......Page 86
4.4.4 Biogeographical regions......Page 87
4.5.1 Biomes, ecosystems and communities......Page 88
4.5.2 Ecoregions......Page 94
4.6 NATURAL UNITS IN THE MARINE REALM......Page 95
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 103
SUGGESTED READING......Page 104
5.1 ORIGINS......Page 105
5.2 TYPOLOGY OF FRAMEWORKS......Page 107
5.2.1 Spatial classification of approaches – contiguous areas, landscape units and habitat islands......Page 109
5.2.2 Biogeographical (compositional) versus Ecological (functional) approaches......Page 112
5.2.3 Strategic goals – composition, function, numbers and attributes......Page 114
5.3.1 IUCN Biogeographical Regions (Dasmann – Udvardy) scheme......Page 116
5.3.2 Endemic Bird Areas......Page 118
5.3.3 Conservation International’s hotspots......Page 121
5.3.4 The WWF Ecoregions scheme......Page 125
5.3.5 Important Bird Areas and Key Biodiversity Areas......Page 129
5.4.1 Status of the marine realm......Page 133
5.4.2 Origins and expansion of the marine protected area estate......Page 134
5.4.3 A global representative system of marine protected areas......Page 135
5.4.4 Reefs at risk – hotspots/threatspots......Page 138
5.4.5 Large Marine Ecosystems......Page 142
5.4.6 WWF Global 200 – the marine perspective......Page 143
5.4.8 High seas protected areas......Page 144
5.5 CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 146
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 147
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 148
6.3.1 Representativeness......Page 150
6.3.3 Efficiency......Page 151
6.4.1 Achieving representation......Page 152
6.4.2 Achieving persistence......Page 158
6.4.3 Achieving efficiency......Page 163
6.5 DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS TO IDENTIFY AND PRIORITIZE NEW PROTECTED AREAS......Page 164
6.6 CONSULTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SYSTEMATIC CONSERVATION PLANS......Page 167
6.7 WHAT DOES THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMATIC CONSERVATION PLANNING HOLD?......Page 168
6.7.5 Dealing with uncertainty......Page 170
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 171
SUGGESTED READING......Page 172
PART 3 CONSERVATION PLANNING IN A CHANGING WORLD......Page 173
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 175
7.2 USING THE PAST TO UNDERSTAND THE PRESENT AND PREDICT THE FUTURE......Page 176
7.2.1 Predicting future ecosystem responses to changing conditions......Page 180
7.2.2 Interpreting recent trends in their historical context......Page 181
7.2.3 Geographical range collapse......Page 182
7.3 PREDICTING BIODIVERSITY CHANGE......Page 188
7.3.1 Modelling the current distributions of species, habitats and biomes......Page 189
7.3.2 Modelling range shifts......Page 192
7.4.1 Incorporating dynamic biotic and abiotic processes into conservation plans......Page 195
7.4.3 Climate change, conservation planning and assisted migration......Page 197
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 200
SUGGESTED READING......Page 201
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 202
8.2.1 The use of species – area relationships in conservation......Page 206
8.2.2 Relaxation and the extinction debt......Page 211
8.2.3 Ecosystem collapse and threshold responses in habitat islands......Page 215
8.3.1 Minimum viable populations, minimum areas and incidence functions......Page 220
8.3.2 Metapopulation dynamics......Page 223
8.4 NESTEDNESS......Page 225
8.4.1 Edge effects......Page 228
8.4.2 Habitat corridors......Page 229
8.4.3 Landscape context – matrix effects......Page 230
8.5 EMERGENT GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION......Page 231
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 234
SUGGESTED READING......Page 235
9.1.1 The invasion process......Page 236
9.1.2 Human assisted versus prehistoric invasions......Page 238
9.1.3 Economic and ecological impacts of invasion......Page 239
9.2 BIOTIC HOMOGENIZATION......Page 241
9.2.2 Different manifestations of biotic homogenization......Page 242
9.3.1 Fishes......Page 244
9.3.2 Birds......Page 247
9.3.3 Plants......Page 249
9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN DRIVERS OF BIOTIC HOMOGENIZATION......Page 250
9.5 BIOTIC HOMOGENIZATION AND CONSERVATION......Page 252
9.6 NOVEL ASSEMBLAGES......Page 253
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 254
SUGGESTED READING......Page 255
PART 4 FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 257
10.1 WHY WE NEED CONSERVATION BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 259
10.2.1 Filling the Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls......Page 260
10.2.2 Improving models, simulations and forecasts......Page 262
10.2.3 Turning theory into practice......Page 263
10.2.4 Education, communication and public engagement......Page 264
10.3 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE......Page 269
Conservation biogeography:......Page 271
Homology/homologous:......Page 272
Phylogenetic diversity (PD):......Page 273
Systematic conservation planning:......Page 274
Wallacean shortfall:......Page 275
References......Page 276
index......Page 309
Plate 3.4......Page 314
Plate 4.2......Page 315
Plate 4.3......Page 316
Plate 4.14......Page 317
Plate 5.9......Page 318
Plate 7.2......Page 319
Plate B7.5a......Page 320
Plate B9.1a......Page 321