Conservation and Restoration of Historic Mortars and Masonry Structures: HMC 2022

Preface
Organization
Contents
RILEM Publications
Characterization of Historic Mortars and Masonry Structures. Sampling and Test Methods
Imperial Styles, Frontier Solutions: Roman Wall Painting Technology in the Province of Noricum
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Archaeological Context of the Sample Material
	2 Methods
		2.1 Sample Selection by XRF
	3 Results
		3.1 Egyptian Blue – Plaster and Paint Stratigraphy
		3.2 Cinnabar – Plaster and Paint Stratigraphy
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
The Decorative Plaster Relief in the Baroque Villa of the Argotti Botanic Gardens, Floriana, Malta: Characterisation of Original Materials and Techniques
	1 Introduction: The Argotti Botanic Gardens and the Plaster Relief in the Argotti Villa
	2 Methodology
		2.1 On-Site Examinations of the Relief
		2.2 Sampling and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Plaster Relief Technology: Stratigraphy and Application
		3.2 Analyses of Samples: Original Materials Composition
		3.3 Overall Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Study on Historic Mortars for Restorative Applications in Persepolis World Heritage Site: Curing in Laboratory vs Site
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Characterizations
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Making Ancient Mortars Hydraulic. How to Parametrize Type and Crystallinity of Reaction Products in Different Recipes
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Studies and Samples
		2.1 Pompeii
		2.2 Nora
		2.3 Aquileia
	3 Describing Hydraulic Phases in Ancient Mortars
		3.1 AFm and C-A-S-H
		3.2 C-S-H
		3.3 M-S-H and M-A-S-H
	4 Parametrizing the Effective Hydraulicity
	5 Conclusive Remarks
	6 Analytical Techniques
	References
Physico-Chemical Characterization of Historic Mortars from the Venetian Arsenals of Chania (Greece)
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Part
		2.1 Sampling
		2.2 Methods for the Characterization of the Samples
	3 Results
		3.1 Macroscopic and Stereoscopic Analysis
		3.2 Grain Size Distribution and Physical Properties of Samples
		3.3 FTIR, XRF and DTA Analyses
		3.4 Mineralogical Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of the Behavior of Original Air Lime Mortars Used in Structural Brick Masonry Walls of Ancient Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Characterization of the Building
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Samples
		3.2 Analysis of the Composition of Laying and Coating Mortars
		3.3 Physical and Mechanical Characterization of Laying and Coating Mortars
	4 Analysis of Results
		4.1 Composition of Laying and Coating Mortars
		4.2 Physical and Mechanical Characterization of Laying and Coating Mortars
	5 Final Considerations
	References
Mineral, Chemical and Petrographic Characterization of Hydraulic Mortars & Chronological Building Correlation of the Baths of Porta Marina in Ostia Antica (Italy)
	1 Introduction
	2 Archaeological Data: New Studies and Chronological Overview
	3 Geological Settings
	4 Materials and Methods
	5 Results
		5.1 Macroscopic Observations of Mortar Samples
		5.2 Petrographic Observations
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Old Mortars for the Formulation of Replacement Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Characterization of Existing Mortars
		2.2 Formulation of Replacement Mortars
	3 Results
		3.1 Laboratory Campaign
		3.2 In Situ Campaign
		3.3 Analysis of Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Characterization of “Terranova” Render Samples as a Contribution to XX Century Heritage Conservation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Discussion on Service Life Prediction Methodologies for External Mortar Cladding in Historic Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Models for Studying Construction Degradation
		2.1 Deterministic Method (Factor Method)
		2.2 Probabilistic Method (Markov Method)
		2.3 Engineering Design Methods
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Historic Production, Processing and Application of Mortars, Renders and Grouts. Lime Technologies
Mortars and Binders During a Time of Emerging Industries: 19th Century Austro-Hungarian Fortifications in Montenegro
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Research and Previous Work
	3 The Forts of Vermač, Goražda and Kosmač - Inventories and Building Description
		3.1 Vermač (Vrmač)
		3.2 Goražda
		3.3 Kosmač
	4 Mortar Analysis
		4.1 Methods
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Limewashes with Vegetable Oils: Water Transport Characterisation
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Campaign
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Limewash Preparation and Application to the Substrates
		2.3 Testing Procedures
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Mortars in Archaeological Sites. Construction History. Archaeometry. Dating of Historic Mortars
Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Lime Plaster from 6th Century Stone-Chamber Tomb of Baekje, Republic of Korea
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Microscopic Observation
		3.2 Mineralogy
		3.3 Chemical Composition
		3.4 Pore Characteristics
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Historic Mortars Related to the Possibility of Their Radiocarbon Dating, Mikulčice and Pohansko Archaeological Sites
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Possibilities of Mortar Dating
		1.2 Historical Background
		1.3 Archaeological Sites of Mikulčice and Pohansko
		1.4 Sampling Sites
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Macroscopic Description of the Samples
		3.2 Microscopic Characterisation of the Samples (PLM, CL and SEM-EDS)
		3.3 Microscopic Characterisation of the Samples (PLM, CL and SEM-EDS)
		3.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		3.5 Leaching off in Acid and Sieve Analyse
		3.6 Leaching off in Acid and Sieve Analyse
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Historic Renders and Plasters. Gypsum-Based Plasters and Mortars. Adobe and Mud Mortars. Rammed Earth Constructions. Natural and Roman Cement
Repair Mortar for a Coloured Layer of Sgraffito Render – A Technological Copy
	1 Introduction
	2 Original Sgraffito Technique
		2.1 Material Characterisation
	3 Design of a Repair Mortar for Coloured Intonaco Layer as a Material Copy
		3.1 Lime
		3.2 Sand
		3.3 Production and Processing Technologies
	4 Assessment of Physical Properties of the Material Copy
	5 Practical Use and Evaluation by Experiments
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Evaluation of the Hygroscopic and CO2 Capture Capacities of Earth and Gypsum-Based Plasters
	1 Introduction
	2 Mortars and Specimens
	3 Methods
		3.1 Sorption and Desorption
		3.2 Thermal Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Sorption and Desorption
		4.2 Thermal Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Natural Sand Replacement by Mineral Wastes on Earth and Air Lime Plastering Mortars, and Professionals Training
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials, Mortars and Methods
		2.1 Materials and Mortars
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Fresh State Characterization, Color and Drying Shrinkage
		3.2 Dry Bulk Density
		3.3 Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity and Flexural and Compressive Strength
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Parameters in Commercial NHL-Based Green Plaster for the Preservation of Historical Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Products
		2.2 Analytical Techniques
	3 Results
		3.1 Mechanical Tests
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Historic Portland Cement-Air Lime Mortars. Historic Portland Cement Mortars
Characterization of Mortars and Concretes from the Mirante da Quinta da Azeda, Setúbal (Portugal). A Case Study from the Beginning of the 20th Century
	1 Introduction
	2 Characterization of Samples
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Mineralogical and Microstructural Analysis
		3.2 Physical and Mechanical Characterization
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Mineralogical Analysis and Semi Quantification of Crystalline Compounds
		4.2 Microstructural and Chemical Composition
		4.3 Physical and Mechanical Characterization
	5 Conclusions
	References
Early Age Properties of Hydraulic Lime Mortar Prepared Using Heavy Metal Contaminated Aggregate
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Binder Properties
		2.2 Aggregate Properties
		2.3 Ultrasound Measurements
		2.4 Tensile and Compressive Strength
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Aggregate Properties
		3.2 Ultrasound Measurement
		3.3 Tensile and Compressive Strength
	References
Conservation Issues Concerning Mortars, Plasters, Renders and Grouts. Diagnosis. Decay and Damage Mechanisms. Case Studies
Gaji, a Gypsum-Earth Plaster in the Wall Painting Technology of the Church of St. Demetrios of Thessaloniki, David Gareji, Kakheti, Georgia
	1 Introduction
	2 Use of Gypsum-Earth Plasters in Georgia
	3 The Church of St. Demetrios of Thessaloniki
	4 Analytical Programme
	5 Discussion and Suggestions for Further Study
	6 Conclusion
	References
Performance Evaluation of Patch Repairs on Historic Concrete Structures (PEPS): An Overview of the Project Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Project Background
	3 Phase I: Project Development
		3.1 The Development of the Research Proposal
		3.2 The Development of the Assessment Methodology
		3.3 The Selection of Case Studies
	4 Phase II: Preliminary Assessment
		4.1 Establish Case History
		4.2 Initial Site Visits
	5 Phase III: Detailed Diagnostic
		5.1 Detailed Site Investigation
		5.2 Laboratory Testing
	6 Conclusion
	References
Traditional Techniques on Post-Civil War in Spanish Modern Architecture: The Case of the Ceramic Wall on OSH Pavilion in the Casa del Campo (Madrid)
	1 Introduction
	2 Ceramic Wall
		2.1 Characterization of the Ceramic Pieces
		2.2 Characterization of the Lime Mortars
	3 Lime Mortars
	4 Conclusions
	References
Measuring Water Absorption in Replicas of Medieval Plaster. Assessing their Reliability as Models for Conservation Trials
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 The Choice of Limewashed Mortars
		2.2 Limewash
	3 Method
		3.1 Contact Sponge
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Overview of Results
		4.2 Comparing the Mortar Samples and the Medieval Mortar
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Sgraffito in Križanke – Interdisciplinary Approach to the Conservation-Restoration of Coloured Historic Plaster
	1 Introduction
	2 Investigation of Historic Samples
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Conservation-Restoration
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Historic Plasters and Mortars
		4.2 Plasters and Mortars for Reconstruction
	5 Conclusion
	References
Preservation. Consolidation Materials and Techniques. Development of New Products. Preventive Conservation
Experimental Study on Properties of Hydraulic Mortars with Mixed in Crystallisation Inhibitors
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Binder, Sand, Inhibitor
		2.2 Specimen Type, Preparation and Storage
	3 Test Methods
		3.1 Characterisation of the Early Age Properties
		3.2 Characterisation of the Properties of the Hardened Mortar
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Effect of the Inhibitor on Early Stage Properties
		4.2 Effect of the Inhibitor on Properties of the Hardened Mortar
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Utilization of Lavender Waste in Traditional Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Restoring Historical Buildings Amid Climate Crisis: Hydraulic, Waste-Based Lime
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Materials and Methods
	3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		3.1 AHL Constituent’s Characterisation
		3.2 Influence of WBA on Fresh Mortar Properties
		3.3 Influence of WBA on Hardened Mortar Properties
	4 Conclusions
	References
Criteria for the Utilization of Perlite By-products in Traditional Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Physical Properties of Raw Materials
		3.2 Chemical Properties of Raw Materials
		3.3 Pozzolanicity Index
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Development and Testing of Lime Based Mortars Using Perlite By - Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Water Content
		3.2 Physical Properties
		3.3 Physical Properties
	4 Conclusions
	References
Durability of Lime Mortars Treated with Ammonium Phosphate
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Lime Mortar Specimens
		2.2 Freezing-Thawing Cycles
		2.3 Salt Weathering Cycles
		2.4 Sample Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Repair Mortars and Grouts. Requirements and Design. Compatibility Issues. Durability and Effectiveness. Adequacy of Testing Procedures
Long-Term Mechanical Properties and Durability of Lime-Spongilite Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Procedures
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Fresh State Properties
		3.2 Mechanical Parameter
		3.3 Frost Resistance
		3.4 Liquid water Transport
		3.5 Pore Structure
		3.6 Salt Crystallization Resistance
	4 Conclusions
	References
On the Effect of Poor-Quality Aggregates on the Physico-Mechanical Performance of Repair Lime-Based Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Fine Pumice as Pozzolanic Additive in Restoration Lime Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Fresh State Properties
		3.2 Strength and Hardened Bulk Density
		3.3 Microstructural Characteristics
		3.4 Durability
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Relationship Between Natural Stone Joint Design, Surface Area and the Properties of Lime Mortar Joints
	1 Introduction
	2 Sample Preparation
	3 Laser Scanning and 3D Modelling
	4 Adhesive Bond Strength Test
	5 Results, Analysis and Discussion
		5.1 Surface Area Results
		5.2 Surface Area Analysis and Discussion
		5.3 Surface Area to Adhesion Results
		5.4 Adhesive Bond Strength Analysis and Discussion
		5.5 Surface Area to Bond Strength Relationship
	6 Conclusion
	References
Development of a Gypsum-Based Grout for the Stabilisation of Gypsum-Based Plasters
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Injection Grouting
		1.2 Case Study
	2 Definition of the Problem and of the Grouting Performance Criteria
	3 Materials and Methods: Site-Specific Grout Formulation
		3.1 Stage 1 of Formulation and Testing
		3.2 Stage 2 of Formulation and Testing
	4 Testing Program and Results
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Morphological Evolution of Calcium Carbonate Crystals in Dry Hydrated Lime Mortar
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Laboratory Experiments
		3.1 The Extent of Carbonation and Mechanical Strength
		3.2 Mineralogical Characterization
		3.3 Morphological Characterization
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design Rationale and Field Testing of a Gypsum-Based Grout for Wall Painting Stabilization in the Chapel of Niketas the Stylite, Cappadocia, Turkey
	1 Introduction
	2 The Site and Paintings
		2.1 Site
		2.2 Painting Technique and Deterioration
	3 Conservation Needs
	4 Choice of Grout Binder
		4.1 Challenges Associated with the Use of Gypsum as a Conservation Material
		4.2 Previous Studies
	5 Treatment Design
		5.1 Intervention Criteria
		5.2 Component Selection
	6 Test Methodology
	7 Results
		7.1 Working Properties
		7.2 Results of Cup Tests
		7.3 Results of In Situ Tests
	8 Discussion
	9 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Evaluation of Properties of Laboratory Test Specimens for Masonry Mortars Prepared Using Different Compaction Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Mortar Mix and Preparation
		2.2 Compaction Methods
		2.3 Curing Conditions
		2.4 Mortar Properties
	3 Results
		3.1 Density
		3.2 Mechanical Strength
		3.3 Porosity
		3.4 Water Absorption by Capillarity
		3.5 Statistical Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Challenge on Development of Repair Mortars for Historical Buildings in Severe Marine Environment: Paimogo Fort, A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Mortars Composition and Mixing
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physical and Mechanical Behaviour
		3.2 The Influence of Cure Conditions and Substrate Characteristics
	4 Conclusions
	References
Practical Test for Pozzolanic Properties by A. D. Cowper: Implementation and Innovation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Air Lime Mortars with Pozzolanic Additions in the Conservation Field
		1.2 Pozzolanicity Reaction Tests
	2 Methods
		2.1 The Practical Test for Pozzolanic Properties
		2.2 The Pozzolanicity Reaction
	3 Methods to Support the Cowper Practical Test for Pozzolanic Properties
		3.1 Refractive Index to Study the Degree of Flocculation
		3.2 Digital Microscopy Observation to Confirm Floc Formation
		3.3 pH Variation Qualitative Test
		3.4 Sedimentation Velocity
		3.5 Statistical Treatment
	4 Set Up of the Experiments
		4.1 Preparation
	5 Results
		5.1 The Practical Test for Pozzolanic Properties
		5.2 Refractive Index to Study the Degree of Flocculation
		5.3 Digital Microscopy Observation to Confirm Floc Formation
		5.4 pH Variation Qualitative Test
		5.5 Sedimentation Velocity
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Determination of the Salt Distribution in the Lime-Based Mortar Samples Using XRF and SEM-EDX Characterization
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Specimens Preparation
	3 Methods
		3.1 X-ray Fluorescence
		3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
	4 Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Developing a Lime-Based Injection Grout with no Additives for Very Thin Delamination: The Role of Aggregates and Particle Size/Morphology
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Perez d’Aleccio’s Great Siege Wall Painting Cycle, Grandmaster’s Palace in Valletta, Malta
		1.2 Enhancing Injectability and Flow in Injection Grouts: Superplasticisers, and the Role of Aggregates in the Mixture
	2 Grout Design and Testing
		2.1 Materials Selected
		2.2 Formulation and Testing
		2.3 Overall Assessment and Discussion
	3 Conclusions
	References
Enhancement of Latent Heat Storage Capacity of Lime Rendering Mortars
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Methods
		2.3 Characterization Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Evaluation of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage
		3.2 Thermal Conductivity Measurements
	4 Conclusions
	References
Obtaining of Repair Lime Renders with Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials: Optimization of the Composition, Application, Mechanical and Microstructural Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Methods
		2.3 Characterization Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Optimization of the Mix Composition: Assessment of the Adherence
		3.2 Fresh State Tests
		3.3 Mineralogical Characterization (XRD)
		3.4 Compressive Strength
		3.5 Pore Size Distribution
	4 Conclusions
	References
Time-Dependent Deformations of Lime-Based Mortars and Masonry Specimens Prepared with Them
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Part
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Methyl Cellulose in Injection Grout on Mould Growth on Mural Paintings – Preliminary Results
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and methods
		2.1 Panel Sandwich Model and Injection Grout
		2.2 Fungal Isolates
		2.3 Inoculation of the Painted Injected Mortar Plate
		2.4 Measuring the Surface Moisture Content
		2.5 Mould Growth Analysis Using Fluorescent Microscopy
	3 Results and discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Author Index