Connect Core Concepts in Health

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 24
1 TAKING CHARGE OF YOUR HEALTH......Page 26
WELLNESS AS A HEALTH GOAL......Page 27
Dimensions of Wellness......Page 28
New Opportunities for Taking Charge......Page 29
The Affordable Care Act......Page 34
Health Issues for Diverse Populations......Page 35
Environment......Page 38
Personal Health Behaviors......Page 39
Getting Serious about Your Health......Page 40
Building Motivation to Change......Page 43
Enhancing Your Readiness to Change......Page 45
Developing Skills for Change: Creating a Personalized Plan......Page 46
BEING HEALTHY FOR LIFE......Page 49
For More Information......Page 50
Selected Bibliography......Page 51
2 STRESS: THE CONSTANT CHALLENGE......Page 53
WHAT IS STRESS?......Page 54
Physical Responses to Stressors......Page 55
Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Stressors......Page 57
The Stress Experience as a Whole......Page 59
The General Adaptation Syndrome......Page 60
Psychoneuroimmunology......Page 61
COMMON SOURCES OF STRESS......Page 63
Social Stressors......Page 64
Internal Stressors......Page 65
Social Support......Page 66
Exercise......Page 67
Time Management......Page 68
Cognitive Techniques......Page 69
Body Awareness Techniques......Page 71
Getting Help......Page 72
Natural Sleep Drives......Page 73
Adequate Sleep and Your Health......Page 75
Sleep Disorders......Page 76
Improving Sleep......Page 77
For More Information......Page 79
Selected Bibliography......Page 80
3 PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH......Page 83
DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH......Page 84
Positive Psychology......Page 85
What Psychological Health Is Not......Page 86
Growing Up Psychologically......Page 87
Achieving Healthy Self-Esteem......Page 88
Being Optimistic......Page 91
Dealing with Anger......Page 92
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS......Page 93
Anxiety Disorders......Page 94
Mood Disorders......Page 97
SUICIDE......Page 100
The Biological Model......Page 102
The Behavioral Model......Page 104
Evaluating the Models......Page 105
Peer Counseling and Support Groups......Page 106
Professional Help......Page 107
Summary......Page 108
Selected Bibliography......Page 109
4 INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AND COMMUNICATION......Page 112
Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Acceptance......Page 113
Friendship......Page 114
Love, Sex, and Intimacy......Page 115
Challenges in Relationships......Page 117
Unhealthy Relationships......Page 119
Nonverbal Communication......Page 120
Communication Skills......Page 121
Conflict and Conflict Resolution......Page 122
Choosing a Partner......Page 123
Online Dating and Relationships......Page 124
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Relationships......Page 126
Singlehood......Page 127
Separation and Divorce......Page 129
Becoming a Parent......Page 130
Parenting......Page 131
Successful Families......Page 132
Summary......Page 134
Selected Bibliography......Page 135
5 SEX AND YOUR BODY......Page 136
SEXUAL ANATOMY......Page 137
Female Sex Organs......Page 138
Male Sex Organs......Page 139
Differentiation of the Embryo......Page 140
Female Sexual Maturation......Page 142
Aging and Human Sexuality......Page 145
The Sexual Response Cycle......Page 147
Sexual Problems......Page 149
Gender Roles......Page 153
Sexual Orientation......Page 154
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR......Page 155
The Development of Sexual Behavior......Page 156
Varieties of Human Sexual Behavior......Page 158
Commercial Sex......Page 160
Responsible Sexual Behavior......Page 161
Tips for Today and the Future......Page 162
For More Information......Page 163
Selected Bibliography......Page 164
6 CONTRACEPTION......Page 166
HOW CONTRACEPTIVES WORK......Page 168
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)......Page 171
Contraceptive Implants......Page 172
Oral Contraceptives: The Pill......Page 173
Contraceptive Skin Patch......Page 176
Injectable Contraceptives......Page 177
Male Condoms......Page 178
Female Condoms......Page 179
Diaphragm with Spermicide......Page 180
Contraceptive Sponge......Page 182
Abstinence, Fertility Awareness, and Withdrawal......Page 183
Combining Methods......Page 184
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION......Page 185
Male Sterilization: Vasectomy......Page 186
Female Sterilization......Page 187
Contraception and Gender Differences......Page 188
Sexuality and Contraception Education for Teenagers......Page 190
WHICH CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD IS RIGHT FOR YOU?......Page 191
Summary......Page 192
Selected Bibliography......Page 193
7 ABORTION......Page 195
ABORTION IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY......Page 196
Abortion Statistics......Page 197
First-Trimester Abortion......Page 199
Second-Trimester Abortion......Page 201
LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON ABORTION......Page 202
The Public Debate about Abortion......Page 203
Summary......Page 205
Selected Bibliography......Page 206
8 PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH......Page 208
PREPARATION FOR PARENTHOOD......Page 209
Preconception Care......Page 210
Conception......Page 211
Infertility......Page 215
Changes in the Woman's Body......Page 216
The First Trimester......Page 219
The Second Trimester......Page 220
Diagnosing Fetal Abnormalities......Page 221
Fetal Programming......Page 222
Prenatal Nutrition......Page 223
Avoiding Drugs and Other Environmental Hazards......Page 224
COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AND PREGNANCY LOSS......Page 227
Preeclampsia......Page 228
Low Birth Weight and Premature Birth......Page 229
Choices in Childbirth......Page 230
Labor and Delivery......Page 231
The Postpartum Period......Page 233
For More Information......Page 235
Selected Bibliography......Page 236
9 DRUG USE AND ADDICTION......Page 238
ADDICTION......Page 239
What Is Addiction?......Page 240
Diagnosing Substance Misuse and Addiction......Page 241
Examples of Addictive Behaviors......Page 242
The Allure of Drugs......Page 245
Risk Factors for Drug Misuse and Addiction......Page 246
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG MISUSE......Page 247
HOW DRUGS AFFECT THE BODY......Page 248
Drug-Related Factors......Page 249
Opioids......Page 250
Central Nervous System Depressants......Page 253
Central Nervous System Stimulants......Page 254
Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products......Page 257
Hallucinogens......Page 258
Synthetic Recreational Drugs......Page 259
Drugs, Society, and Families......Page 260
Drug Testing......Page 261
Treating Drug Addiction......Page 262
Preventing Drug Misuse......Page 265
For More Information......Page 266
Selected Bibliography......Page 267
10 ALCOHOL: THE MOST POPULAR DRUG......Page 269
Common Alcoholic Beverages......Page 270
Metabolism and Excretion......Page 272
Alcohol Intake and Blood Alcohol Concentration......Page 273
Immediate Effects......Page 274
Drinking and Driving......Page 276
Long-Term Effects of Chronic Abuse......Page 278
Alcohol Use during Pregnancy......Page 280
EXCESSIVE USE OF ALCOHOL......Page 281
Alcoholism......Page 282
Gender and Ethnic Differences......Page 286
DRINKING BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSIBILITY......Page 287
Drink Moderately and Responsibly......Page 288
Promote Responsible Drinking......Page 289
For More Information......Page 291
Selected Bibliography......Page 292
11 TOBACCO USE......Page 294
WHO USES TOBACCO?......Page 295
WHY PEOPLE USE TOBACCO......Page 296
Social and Psychological Factors......Page 298
Why Start in the First Place?......Page 299
Tobacco Smoke: A Toxic Mix......Page 301
The Immediate Effects of Smoking......Page 303
The Long-Term Effects of Smoking......Page 304
Additional Health, Cosmetic, and Economic Concerns......Page 307
Risks Associated with Other Forms of Tobacco Use......Page 308
Environmental Tobacco Smoke......Page 311
Smoking and Pregnancy......Page 312
FDA Regulation of Tobacco......Page 313
Individual Action......Page 314
Options for Quitting......Page 315
Tips for Today and the Future......Page 317
Selected Bibliography......Page 318
12 NUTRITION BASICS......Page 321
Energy......Page 323
Proteins-The Basis of Body Structure......Page 324
Fats-Essential in Small Amounts......Page 325
Carbohydrates-An Ideal Source of Energy......Page 328
Fiber-A Closer Look......Page 330
Vitamins-Organic Micronutrients......Page 331
Water-Vital but Often Ignored......Page 333
Other Substances in Food......Page 335
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)......Page 336
Dietary Guidelines for Americans......Page 337
USDA's MyPlate......Page 342
The Vegetarian Alternative......Page 347
Dietary Challenges for Various Population Groups......Page 348
Global Nutrition Transitions......Page 349
Reading Food Labels......Page 350
Dietary Supplements......Page 352
Protecting Yourself against Foodborne Illness......Page 354
Environmental Contaminants......Page 355
Functional Foods......Page 356
Food Allergies and Food Intolerances......Page 357
Summary......Page 358
For More Information......Page 359
Selected Bibliography......Page 360
13 EXERCISE FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS......Page 367
Reduced Risk of Premature Death......Page 368
More Efficient Metabolism and Improved Cell Health......Page 369
Disease Prevention and Management......Page 370
Improved Psychological and Emotional Wellness......Page 371
WHAT IS PHYSICAL FITNESS?......Page 372
Muscular Strength......Page 373
COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE LIFESTYLE......Page 374
Increasing Physical Activity......Page 375
Reducing Sedentary Time......Page 376
First Steps......Page 378
Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise......Page 382
Exercises for Muscular Strength and Endurance......Page 385
Flexibility Exercises......Page 387
Putting It All Together......Page 388
Eating and Drinking for Exercise......Page 389
Managing Your Fitness Program......Page 391
Summary......Page 394
Selected Bibliography......Page 395
14 WEIGHT MANAGEMENT......Page 399
EVALUATING BODY WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION......Page 400
Defining Healthy Weight, Overweight, and Obesity......Page 401
Body Mass Index......Page 402
Body Fat Distribution......Page 403
What Is the Right Weight for You?......Page 404
Diabetes......Page 405
Energy Balance......Page 407
Physiological Factors......Page 408
Lifestyle Factors......Page 410
Psychosocial Factors......Page 411
Environmental Factors......Page 412
ADOPTING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR SUCCESSFUL WEIGHT MANAGEMENT......Page 413
Dietary Patterns and Eating Habits......Page 414
Doing It Yourself......Page 417
Diet Books......Page 419
Dietary Supplements and Diet Aids......Page 420
Weight Loss Programs......Page 421
Surgery......Page 423
Severe Body Image Problems......Page 424
Eating Disorders......Page 425
Tips for Today and the Future......Page 428
Selected Bibliography......Page 429
15 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH......Page 433
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM......Page 434
The Heart......Page 435
The Blood Vessels......Page 436
Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed......Page 437
Contributing Risk Factors That Can Be Changed......Page 443
Major Risk Factors That Can't Be Changed......Page 447
Possible Risk Factors Currently Being Studied......Page 448
MAJOR FORMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 450
Atherosclerosis......Page 451
Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attack......Page 452
Stroke......Page 456
Congestive Heart Failure......Page 458
PROTECTING YOURSELF AGAINST CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 459
Eat Heart-Healthy......Page 460
Tips for Today and the Future......Page 462
Selected Bibliography......Page 463
16 CANCER......Page 466
Tumors......Page 467
Metastasis......Page 468
The Incidence of Cancer......Page 469
The Role of DNA......Page 470
Tobacco Use......Page 473
Dietary Factors......Page 474
Inactivity and Obesity......Page 475
Carcinogens in the Environment......Page 476
Diagnosing Cancer......Page 477
COMMON TYPES OF CANCER......Page 479
Colon and Rectal Cancer......Page 481
Breast Cancer......Page 482
Prostate Cancer......Page 484
Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract......Page 485
Skin Cancer......Page 486
Other Cancers......Page 488
Beyond Traditional Treatments......Page 490
Experimental Techniques......Page 491
Tips for Today and the Future......Page 492
Selected Bibliography......Page 493
17 IMMUNITY AND INFECTION......Page 496
Physical and Chemical Barriers......Page 497
The Immune System: Cells, Tissues, and Organs......Page 498
Immunization......Page 501
Allergy: A Case of Mistaken Identity......Page 502
The Chain of Infection......Page 505
Epidemics and Pandemics......Page 506
Bacteria......Page 507
Viruses......Page 513
Protozoa......Page 518
Emerging Infectious Diseases......Page 519
Immune Disorders......Page 520
SUPPORTING YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM......Page 521
For More Information......Page 522
Selected Bibliography......Page 523
18 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS......Page 524
THE MAJOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS......Page 525
HIV Infection and AIDS......Page 526
Chlamydia......Page 536
Gonorrhea......Page 538
Human Papillomavirus......Page 539
Genital Herpes......Page 541
Hepatitis B......Page 542
Syphilis......Page 543
Other Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 544
Prevention......Page 545
Tips for Today and the Future......Page 546
Summary......Page 547
Selected Bibliography......Page 548
19 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH......Page 551
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEFINED......Page 552
POPULATION GROWTH AND CONTROL......Page 554
Factors That Contribute to Population Growth......Page 555
Environmental Threats of Extreme Energy Sources......Page 556
Renewable Energy......Page 557
Alternative Fuels......Page 558
Air Quality and Smog......Page 559
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming......Page 560
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)......Page 563
Water Contamination and Treatment......Page 564
Protecting the Water Supply......Page 566
Disposing of Solid Waste......Page 567
Biodegradability......Page 568
Asbestos......Page 569
Lead......Page 570
Preventing Chemical Pollution......Page 571
Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy......Page 573
Avoiding Radiation......Page 574
NOISE POLLUTION......Page 575
For More Information......Page 576
Selected Bibliography......Page 577
20 CONVENTIONAL AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE......Page 579
Self-Assessment......Page 580
Self-Treatment......Page 581
PROFESSIONAL CARE......Page 583
Premises and Assumptions of Conventional Medicine......Page 585
Pharmaceuticals and the Placebo Effect......Page 586
The Providers of Conventional Medicine......Page 588
Choosing a Primary Care Physician......Page 589
Getting the Most Out of Your Medical Care......Page 590
Alternative Medical Systems......Page 594
Mind-Body Medicine......Page 597
Natural Products......Page 598
Other CAM Practices......Page 600
When Does CAM Become Conventional Medicine?......Page 601
Evaluating Complementary and Alternative Therapies......Page 602
PAYING FOR HEALTH CARE......Page 604
Health Insurance......Page 605
For More Information......Page 608
Selected Bibliography......Page 609
21 PERSONAL SAFETY......Page 611
Home Injuries......Page 613
Motor Vehicle Injuries......Page 616
Leisure Injuries......Page 621
Work Injuries......Page 623
Factors Contributing to Violence......Page 625
Gang-Related Violence......Page 627
School Violence......Page 628
Family and Intimate-Partner Violence......Page 629
Sexual Violence......Page 632
PROVIDING EMERGENCY CARE......Page 636
Summary......Page 638
For More Information......Page 639
Selected Bibliography......Page 640
22 AGING: A VITAL PROCESS......Page 642
GENERATING VITALITY AS YOU AGE......Page 643
Life-Enhancing Measures: Age-Proofing......Page 644
Planning for Social Changes......Page 647
Adapting to Physical Changes......Page 648
Handling Psychological and Mental Changes......Page 650
AGING AND LIFE EXPECTANCY......Page 652
America's Aging Minority......Page 653
Family and Community Resources for Older Adults......Page 654
Government Aid and Policies......Page 655
Changing the Public's Idea of Aging......Page 657
For More Information......Page 658
Selected Bibliography......Page 659
23 DYING AND DEATH......Page 660
UNDERSTANDING AND ACCEPTING DEATH AND DYING......Page 661
Defining Death......Page 662
Learning about Death......Page 663
Making a Will......Page 664
Considering Options for End-of-Life Care......Page 665
Difficult Decisions at the End of Life......Page 666
Completing an Advance Directive......Page 668
Giving the Gift of Life......Page 670
Planning a Funeral or Memorial Service......Page 671
The Tasks of Coping......Page 673
The Trajectory of Dying......Page 674
Experiencing Grief......Page 675
Helping Children Cope with Loss......Page 677
COMING TO TERMS WITH DEATH......Page 678
Summary......Page 679
Selected Bibliography......Page 680
NUTRITION RESOURCES......Page 682
A SELF-CARE GUIDE FOR COMMON MEDICAL PROBLEMS......Page 683
Index......Page 690