Conflict of Laws (2001)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface to the third edition......Page 9
Table of statutes......Page 10
Table of cases......Page 26
Part I General principles......Page 59
The subject-matter......Page 61
The name......Page 63
Geographical considerations......Page 64
Glossary of terms employed......Page 65
Late development......Page 66
Legislation......Page 67
Analysis......Page 69
Connecting factors......Page 70
Characterisation......Page 71
The lex fori theory......Page 73
The lex causae theory......Page 74
English courts and characterisation......Page 75
Meaning......Page 78
Arguments against renvoi......Page 81
Summary......Page 83
Areas of application......Page 84
The incidental question......Page 85
The time factor......Page 87
Status of rules of foreign law......Page 91
Method of proof......Page 92
Duty of the English court......Page 93
Meaning of domicile......Page 95
Domicile of origin......Page 96
Differences between domicile of origin and domicile of choice......Page 97
Requirements for acquisition......Page 98
Burden and standard of proof......Page 100
Domicile as a social bond......Page 102
Motive and freedom of choice......Page 103
Abandonment of domicile of choice (or dependence)......Page 104
Married women......Page 105
Minors......Page 106
Mental patients......Page 108
General......Page 109
The Law Commission’s proposals (1987)......Page 111
Ordinary residence......Page 112
Habitual residence......Page 113
Status and domicile......Page 115
Residence......Page 116
Evidence......Page 118
Limitation of actions......Page 121
Remedies......Page 122
Priorities......Page 125
Parties......Page 126
Part II Jurisdiction and foreign judgments......Page 127
Jurisdiction in actions in personam......Page 129
Presence......Page 130
Submission......Page 131
Extended jurisdiction by service abroad......Page 132
Companies......Page 140
Jurisdiction in actions in rem......Page 141
General principles......Page 142
Lis alibi pendens......Page 152
Applicable law......Page 153
Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements......Page 154
Submission to the English courts or arbitration......Page 156
Criticisms of the forum non conveniens doctrine......Page 157
Restraining foreign proceedings......Page 158
Vexatious or oppressive foreign proceedings......Page 159
Unconscionable foreign proceedings......Page 162
Submission to English jurisdiction: proceedings started abroad......Page 164
Basis of recognition and enforcement......Page 167
Jurisdiction of the foreign court......Page 168
Presence or residence......Page 169
Presence or residence of companies......Page 170
Submission......Page 171
Office or place of business......Page 173
Where the foreign court has no jurisdiction......Page 174
What are not defences to enforcement......Page 175
Fraud......Page 177
Natural justice......Page 178
Public policy......Page 179
At common law......Page 181
The judgment must not be for tax nor a penalty......Page 183
By statute......Page 185
Action estoppel......Page 186
Issue estoppel......Page 187
General: Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Acts 1982 and 1991; Brussels Convention,1968; Lugano Convention,1989......Page 189
Interpretation of the Brussels Convention......Page 190
Objectives and characteristics of the Convention......Page 191
Scope of the Convention......Page 192
General rule......Page 194
Individuals......Page 196
Corporations and associations......Page 197
Contract (Article 5(1))......Page 198
Tort (Article 5(3))......Page 202
Branches, agencies and other establishments (Article 5(5))......Page 205
Co-defendants (Article 6(1))......Page 207
Third parties (Article 6(2))......Page 208
Counterclaims (Article 6(3))......Page 209
Insurance and consumer contracts......Page 210
Exclusive jurisdiction......Page 211
Submission by agreement (prorogated jurisdiction)......Page 212
Submission by appearance......Page 216
The same cause of action (Article 21)......Page 217
Related actions (Article 22)......Page 221
Exclusive jurisdiction (Article 23)......Page 223
When a court is seised......Page 224
Types of judgment......Page 225
Recognition......Page 226
Stay of enforcement......Page 231
Intra-UK jurisdiction and judgments......Page 232
EU Council Regulation (2000)......Page 233
11 Arbitration......Page 237
The agreement to arbitrate......Page 238
The finality of the award......Page 239
Arbitration Act 1996, Part III......Page 240
Foreign award as a defence......Page 243
Part III Law of obligations......Page 245
The Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990; Rome Convention,1980......Page 247
Interpretation of the Rome Convention......Page 248
Sphere of application of the Rome Convention......Page 249
The applicable law......Page 250
Express choice of law......Page 251
Inferred choice of law......Page 252
Scission of the contract......Page 253
Failure of an express choice of law to take effect......Page 254
Imputed applicable law......Page 255
Article 4(2): characteristic performance......Page 256
Presumptions regarding immovable property and carriage......Page 259
Consumer contracts (Article 5)......Page 260
Individual employment contracts (Article 6)......Page 261
The time at which the applicable law is determined......Page 262
Putative applicable law......Page 263
Formation of the contract and reality of agreement......Page 264
Formal validity......Page 265
Capacity to contract......Page 266
(a) Interpretation......Page 268
(c) Consequences of breach......Page 269
Illegality......Page 270
Mandatory rules......Page 271
Public policy......Page 273
Supervening illegality......Page 276
Community law:other conventions......Page 277
Selection of the governing law......Page 278
Common law choice of law rule......Page 279
Displacement of the general rule......Page 283
The place where the tort is committed......Page 285
The applicable law: the general rule......Page 286
Property damage......Page 287
Application of the lex loci......Page 288
The applicable law: displacement of the general rule......Page 289
Characterisation......Page 291
Exemption clauses in contracts of service......Page 293
Savings, especially procedure and mandatory rules......Page 295
Torts not committed on one ship......Page 296
Torts committed on aircraft......Page 297
Part IV Property and succession......Page 299
Characterisation......Page 301
Title to property......Page 302
Movable property: tangible movables......Page 303
Possible exceptions to the lex situs rule......Page 308
The situs of intangible movables......Page 309
Assignments of intangible movables......Page 310
Jurisdiction......Page 319
Choice of law......Page 324
Jurisdiction......Page 326
Foreign personal representatives......Page 327
Movable property......Page 328
Wills of movables......Page 329
Revocation of wills of movable property......Page 331
Subsequent marriage......Page 332
Immovable property......Page 333
The governing law......Page 335
Capacity......Page 336
Change of domicile......Page 338
The governing law......Page 339
Change of domicile......Page 340
Application of the Hague Convention......Page 344
Choice of law rules – the governing law......Page 346
Recognition of trusts......Page 347
Restrictions: mandatory rules; public policy......Page 348
Variation of trusts......Page 349
Part V Family law......Page 351
Formalities of marriage......Page 353
Common law marriages......Page 357
Marriages on board merchant ships......Page 358
Legal capacity to marry......Page 359
The dual domicile test......Page 360
The intended matrimonial home test......Page 362
Capacity to marry and the lex loci celebrationis......Page 363
Where the marriage takes place abroad......Page 364
Remarriage after English and foreign divorces and annulments......Page 365
Incapacity......Page 366
Royal Marriages Act 1772......Page 367
Consent of the parties......Page 368
Physical incapacity......Page 369
Polygamous marriages......Page 370
The concept of marriage in English law......Page 371
Characterisation......Page 372
Capacity to contract a polygamous marriage......Page 373
Recognition......Page 375
Jurisdiction of the English courts......Page 377
Choice of law......Page 378
Choice of law......Page 379
History......Page 380
Divorces and annulments granted within the British Islands......Page 381
Overseas divorces and annulments obtained by proceedings......Page 382
Overseas divorces and annulments not obtained by proceedings......Page 383
Countries with separate systems of law......Page 384
Finality and effect of divorces......Page 385
Exceptions to recognition......Page 386
Jurisdiction......Page 388
Lis pendens and dependent actions......Page 389
Recognition......Page 390
Declaration of marital status......Page 391
Guardianship, custody and orders concerning children......Page 392
Guardianship......Page 393
Other orders respecting children......Page 394
Orders of other courts in the United Kingdom......Page 396
Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985......Page 397
Parental responsibility for Children (EU Council Regulation, 2000)......Page 402
Common law......Page 403
Legitimacy......Page 406
At common law......Page 410
English adoptions......Page 411
Common law......Page 413
Succession by and to adopted children......Page 414
Declarations as to status......Page 415
Part VI Exclusion of foreign laws......Page 417
21 Public policy......Page 419
Status and legal incapacities......Page 420
Where the property is in England......Page 421
Where the property is in the foreign country......Page 422
Defence to an action for breach of contract......Page 425
Revenue laws......Page 426
Other public laws......Page 427
Foreign exchange control laws......Page 429
Contracts contrary to public policy......Page 432
Part VII Theoretical considerations......Page 433
22 Reasons for and basis of the conflict of laws......Page 435
The theory of comity......Page 436
The theory of vested rights......Page 437
The local law theory......Page 439
Policy evaluation methods......Page 441
23 Public international law and the conflict of laws......Page 444
The universalists......Page 445
The internationalists......Page 446
International conventions......Page 450
Index......Page 453