Concrete bridge engineering : performance and advances

Concrete Bridge Engineering: Performance And Advances......Page 2
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List Of Contributors......Page 9
1.1 Introduction......Page 11
1.2.1.1 Routine Testing At Time Of Construction......Page 13
1.2.2 Routine Inspection......Page 15
1.2.2.3 Principal Inspections......Page 16
1.2.3 Structural Adequacy......Page 17
1.2.1.3 Testing At Later Stages......Page 14
1.3.3 Access And Safety......Page 19
1.3.4 Test Method Selection......Page 21
1.3.5 Testing......Page 22
1.3.5.2 Number Of Tests......Page 23
1.3.7 Documentation Of Results......Page 25
1.4.1 Initial Computation Of Numerical Test Results......Page 26
1.4.2 Conversion Of Test Results To Give A More Useful Parameter......Page 27
1.4.3 Examination Of Variability Of Test Results......Page 28
1.4.4 Formulation Of Conclusions From Test Results......Page 30
1.5 General Observations......Page 31
References......Page 32
2.1 Introduction......Page 34
2.2.1 Visual Inspection......Page 36
2.2.2 Non- Destructive Methods......Page 38
2.2.3 Methods Requiring Sample Extraction......Page 39
2.3 Assessment During Construction......Page 40
2.4.1 Sulphate Attack......Page 41
2.4.2 Alkali ? Aggregate Reactions......Page 42
2.4.3 Freeze ? Thaw Damage......Page 46
2.5.1 Assessment Of Risk And Extent Of Corrosion......Page 47
2.5.1.2 Resistivity Measurements......Page 49
2.5.2 Carbonation Depth Measurement......Page 52
2.5.3 Chloride Ion Penetration......Page 53
2.6 Assessment Of Structural Integrity......Page 54
2.7 Assessment Of Physical Properties Of Concrete......Page 56
2.8 Assessment Of Concrete Strength......Page 57
2.8.1 Penetration Resistance Test......Page 59
2.8.3 Internal Fracture Test......Page 60
2.8.5 Break- Off Test......Page 62
2.9.2 Cement Replacements......Page 63
2.9.3 Cement Content, Aggregate/ Cement Ratio And Grading......Page 64
2.10 Permeability......Page 65
2.11 Performance Testing, Monitoring And Assessment Of Repairs......Page 67
2.12 General Observations And Future Developments......Page 68
References......Page 69
3.1 Introduction......Page 72
3.2 Partial Safety Factors......Page 73
3.3.1 Dead Loading......Page 75
3.3.2 Traffic Loading......Page 76
3.3.3 Temperature Loading......Page 77
3.3.4 Load Combinations......Page 78
3.4 Structural Analysis......Page 79
3.4.1 Linear Methods Of Analysis......Page 80
3.4.1.2 Shear Forces......Page 81
3.4.2 Non- Linear Or Full Range Analysis......Page 83
3.4.3 Yield Line Analysis......Page 86
3.4.4 Analytical Or Structural Performance Factor......Page 88
3.4.4.1 Prediction Of Shear Forces......Page 89
3.5 Material Properties And Section Capacities......Page 90
3.5.1 Linear Analysis......Page 91
3.5.2 Non- Linear Analysis......Page 92
3.5.4 Flexural Strength......Page 93
3.5.5 Shear Strength......Page 96
3.5.5.1 Section Capacity......Page 99
3.5.5.2 Punching......Page 107
3.6 Comments......Page 110
References......Page 112
4.2 Durability Of Concrete......Page 115
4.3 Porosity And Permeability......Page 116
4.4 Causes Of Deterioration Of Concrete Bridges......Page 120
4.4.2 Corrosion Of Reinforcement......Page 121
4.4.2.1 Carbonation......Page 125
4.4.2.2 Chlorides......Page 127
4.4.2.3 Cover To Reinforcement......Page 128
4.4.2.4 Cracks......Page 131
4.4.4 Frost Damage......Page 132
4.4.6 Restrained Movement......Page 134
4.5.1 Cement- Based Materials......Page 136
4.5.2.2 Epoxy Resins......Page 137
4.5.3 Polymer- Modified Cement- Based Materials......Page 138
4.5.4 Cement/ Pozzolanic Modified Materials......Page 139
4.6.1 Consideration Of The Repair Method......Page 141
4.6.2 Surface Preparation......Page 142
4.6.3 Hand-applied Repair Mortar System cement- Based......Page 143
4.6.5 Repairs To Cracks......Page 144
4.6.7 Surface Coatings And Sealers......Page 145
4.6.7.2 Surface Hardeners And Pore Blockers......Page 146
4.6.7.4 Specialist Elastomeric Polymer Coatings......Page 147
References......Page 148
5.1 Introduction......Page 150
5.2 Ambient Thermal Loading......Page 152
5.2.1 Prediction Of Temperature......Page 153
5.2.2 Design Thermal Distributions......Page 155
5.2.3 Stress Analysis Of Uncracked Sections......Page 159
5.2.3.1 Longitudinal Thermal Stress......Page 161
5.2.3.2 Transverse Thermal Stress......Page 174
5.2.3.3 Biaxial Stress Fields......Page 175
5.2.4.1 Reinforced Concrete Bridges......Page 177
5.2.4.2 Partially Prestressed Bridges......Page 185
5.2.5 Influence Of Ambient Thermal Load On Ultimate Limit State......Page 187
5.2.6 Ambient Thermal Deflections......Page 188
5.3 Heat Of Hydration......Page 189
5.4.1 Modulus Of Elasticity......Page 191
5.4.2 Coefficient Of Linear Thermal Expansion......Page 192
References......Page 193
6.1 Introduction......Page 195
6.2.1 Shear Studies......Page 196
6.2.2 Compressive Membrane Action In Slabs......Page 198
6.2.3 Slabs Of I-beam Bridges......Page 201
6.3.1 Pioneer Studies In Ontario......Page 202
6.3.3 Concept Of Restraint Factor......Page 204
6.4.1 Laboratory Studies......Page 207
6.4.2 Field Studies......Page 213
6.5 Design Code Provisions......Page 215
6.6 Conclusions......Page 216
References......Page 217
7.1 Introduction......Page 220
7.2.1 Introduction......Page 221
7.2.2 Applications......Page 222
7.2.3 Design Considerations For Reinforced Concrete......Page 224
7.2.4 Design Considerations For Prestressed Concrete......Page 226
7.3.1 Introduction......Page 227
7.3.2 Design Considerations For Reinforced Concrete......Page 228
7.3.3 Design Considerations For Prestressed Concrete......Page 231
7.4 Admixtures......Page 233
7.4.1 Superplasticisers......Page 234
7.4.4 Accelerators......Page 235
7.5.1 Pulverised Fuel Ash And Granulated Blast- Furnace Slag......Page 236
7.5.2 Silica Fume......Page 238
7.6 Polymer Modified Concretes......Page 239
7.7 Fibre Reinforced Concrete......Page 241
7.8 Permanent Formwork......Page 243
7.9 Non-corroding Reinforcement......Page 247
References......Page 248
8.1 Introduction......Page 251
8.2.1 Market......Page 252
8.2.2 Materials......Page 253
8.2.3 Analysis......Page 254
8.2.4 Construction......Page 257
8.3.1 Design......Page 262
8.3.2 Materials......Page 263
8.3.4 Quality......Page 265
8.3.5 Transport......Page 266
8.3.6 Service Life......Page 267
8.4 Bridge Types......Page 268
8.4.1 Solid Slab Bridges......Page 270
8.4.2 Beam And Slab Bridges......Page 271
8.4.7 Arch Bridges......Page 272
8.5.1 Infill Slabs......Page 273
8.5.2 Beam And Slab Decks......Page 275
8.5.3 Box Bridges......Page 278
8.6.1 Half Joints......Page 282
8.6.2 Continuity......Page 285
References......Page 290
9.1 Introduction......Page 292
9.2.2 Movement Joints......Page 293
9.2.3 Buried Joints......Page 295
9.2.4 Bridging Joints......Page 300
9.2.5.1 Nosings ? General Considerations......Page 302
9.2.5.3 Installation Of Nosings......Page 306
9.2.6 Prefabricated Joints......Page 310
9.2.6.7 Fixing Bolted Joints......Page 314
9.2.7 Repair Of Joints ? Contractual Matters......Page 315
9.3.1 Reinforced Earth......Page 316
9.3.2 Mining Subsidence......Page 318
9.3.3 Footbridges And Subways......Page 319
9.3.4 Abutments......Page 322
9.3.5 The Bearing Shelf......Page 324
9.3.6 Bearings......Page 326
9.3.7 Bearing Beddings......Page 327
9.3.8.1 Alkali ? Silica Reaction......Page 328
9.3.8.2 Frost......Page 329
9.3.8.5 Distribution Of Degradation......Page 330
9.3.9 Comments On Concrete Repair Processes......Page 331
9.3.9.1 The Effect Of Repairs On Structural Performance......Page 332
9.3.9.2 Monitoring Of Repairs......Page 334
9.3.10 Concrete Protection......Page 337
9.4.1 Access......Page 338
9.4.2 Regular Inspections And Cyclic Maintenance......Page 339
9.5.1 Rock Salt......Page 340
9.5.3 Alternative Materials......Page 341
References......Page 342