Concise Encyclopedia of Traffic & Transportation Systems (Advances in Systems Control and Information Engineering)

Front Matter......Page 1
List of Contributors......Page 0
Honorary Editorial Advisory Board......Page 3
Foreword......Page 4
Alphabetical List of Articles......Page 5
Guide to Use of the Encyclopedia......Page 7
3. Traffic Modelling and Simulation......Page 8
5. Freeway Traffic Control......Page 9
8. Rail Transport......Page 10
11. Other Classifications......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
Table of Contents......Page 13
Japanese Systems......Page 14
VAL System......Page 15
Linear Motor Systems with Passive Guideway......Page 16
Example of a National Training Simulator: ELECTRA......Page 17
Mechanical Active Guideway......Page 18
Analysis of the Problem......Page 19
PRT Systems......Page 20
Bibliography......Page 22
Regulatory Aspect......Page 23
Concepts......Page 24
Mode-S-Related CASs......Page 26
Example of a System......Page 27
First Level of Automated Control......Page 29
Future Developments......Page 21
Automatic Train Control: Protection Principles......Page 28
Continuous Overspeed Protection......Page 30
Bibliography......Page 33
Means of Demonstration......Page 25
Safety in Relation to Availability and Reliability......Page 31
Impact of Technological Developments......Page 32
Japanese Systems......Page 34
VAL System......Page 35
Linear Motor Systems with Passive Guideway......Page 36
Example of a National Training Simulator: ELECTRA......Page 37
Future Developments......Page 41
Bibliography......Page 42
Regulatory Aspect......Page 43
Concepts......Page 44
Mode-S-Related CASs......Page 46
Automatic Train Control: Protection Principles......Page 48
First Level of Automated Control......Page 49
Continuous Overspeed Protection......Page 50
Bibliography......Page 53
Mechanical Active Guideway......Page 38
PRT Systems......Page 40
Means of Demonstration......Page 45
Example of a System......Page 47
Safety in Relation to Availability and Reliability......Page 51
Impact of Technological Developments......Page 52
Control of Inbound Flights......Page 54
Dynamic Control of Aircraft for Minimum Cost Operation......Page 56
Fuel Burn in Extended Terminal Areas and Potential Savings......Page 57
Future Developments......Page 58
Fuel Conservation: Road Transport......Page 59
Calculation of the Fuel Consumption of a Vehicle......Page 60
Fuel Consumption of the Traffic as a Whole......Page 61
Other Parameters Affecting Fuel Consumption......Page 64
Energy Saving as a Means of Cost Saving......Page 65
Energy Consumption Characteristics......Page 66
Fuel Savings through Reduction of Ship Hull Resistance......Page 67
Improvement of Propulsive Efficiency......Page 68
Improvement of Marine Power Plants......Page 69
Wind-Power Utilization......Page 71
Bibliography......Page 72
Japanese Systems......Page 73
VAL System......Page 74
Linear Motor Systems with Passive Guideway......Page 75
Mechanical Active Guideway......Page 77
PRT Systems......Page 79
Bibliography......Page 81
Regulatory Aspect......Page 82
Concepts......Page 83
Means of Demonstration......Page 84
Example of a System......Page 86
Automatic Train Control: Protection Principles......Page 87
First Level of Automated Control......Page 88
Continuous Overspeed Protection......Page 89
Safety in Relation to Availability and Reliability......Page 90
Impact of Technological Developments......Page 91
Bibliography......Page 92
RDS-TMC......Page 93
Description, Status and Trends of RDS-TMC......Page 94
Bibliography......Page 96
Dynamic Modelling of Rail-Guided Vehicles......Page 97
Railroad System Dynamics Simulation Software......Page 101
The High-Speed Concept......Page 104
Aspects of the European Transport Market......Page 105
Future Scenarios......Page 106
Main Car-Following Models......Page 110
Models Derived from Optimal Control Theory......Page 111
Application of the Car-Following Theory......Page 112
Cellular Communication Systems......Page 113
Cellular Systems......Page 114
Specific Applications......Page 116
Future Trends......Page 118
Basic Systems Category......Page 120
Current Systems......Page 121
Advanced Terminal Management Systems......Page 122
Corridor Control Systems......Page 124
Freeways......Page 125
Corridor Considerations......Page 126
Bibliography......Page 128
Mode S System......Page 129
Classification of Data......Page 130
Processing of Air Traffic Management Data......Page 131
Processing of Flight Plan Data......Page 132
Processing of Radar Data......Page 135
Processing of Meteorological Data......Page 138
Ultrasonic Doppler-Type Detectors......Page 140
Loop-Type Detectors......Page 141
Image Sensors......Page 142
Discrete-Time Point Processes......Page 145
Filtering for Dynamical Point Processes......Page 146
A Simple Model......Page 147
A General Model......Page 148
An Example......Page 149
Bibliography......Page 150
EC Initiative......Page 151
The Workplan......Page 152
Projects......Page 153
System Integration and Consensus......Page 155
Bibliography......Page 156
Future Development......Page 157
High-Speed Railroad Networks in Japan......Page 158
Advanced Control System for Reliable Operation......Page 159
Planned Projects......Page 163
Division of the HS System into Subsystems......Page 165
Bibliography......Page 169
Evaluation as Part of Systems Analysis......Page 170
Classical Methods......Page 172
Measures of Effectiveness......Page 174
Problems and Future Developments......Page 175
Restoration of Rail Traffic......Page 176
Train Schedule Adjustment Problem......Page 177
Expert Systems Approach......Page 178
ESTRAC-III......Page 179
An Operation Example......Page 180
Expert Systems Approach to Road Traffic Control......Page 181
Application to Road Traffic Engineering and Control......Page 182
Examples of On-Line Applications......Page 185
Future Developments......Page 186
Bibliography......Page 187
Control of Inbound Flights......Page 188
Factors Influencing General Aviation......Page 189
Dynamic Control of Aircraft for Minimum Cost Operation......Page 190
Fuel Burn in Extended Terminal Areas and Potential Savings......Page 191
Future Developments......Page 192
Fuel Conservation: Road Transport......Page 193
Fuel Consumption of the Traffic as a Whole......Page 195
Microscopic Variables and Their Applications......Page 196
Macroscopic Variables......Page 197
Energy Consumption Characteristics......Page 200
Improvement of Propulsive Efficiency......Page 202
Future Developments......Page 204
Freeway......Page 205
Experimental Validation of the Reliability Theory......Page 206
Calculation of the Fuel Consumption of a Vehicle......Page 194
Other Parameters Affecting Fuel Consumption......Page 198
Energy Saving as a Means of Cost Saving......Page 199
Fuel Savings through Reduction of Ship Hull Resistance......Page 201
Improvement of Marine Power Plants......Page 203
Organization of IFAC......Page 207
Scope and Activities......Page 208
Requirements and Functions......Page 209
Overall System Architecture and Functions......Page 210
Worldwide Status......Page 211
Future Developments......Page 212
Basic Principles......Page 213
State of the Art......Page 216
Bibliography......Page 218
Urban Traffic Control......Page 219
Freeway Traffic Control......Page 220
Bibliography......Page 223
Control of Inbound Flights......Page 224
Examples of Detection of Instability......Page 225
Dynamic Control of Aircraft for Minimum Cost Operation......Page 226
Fuel Burn in Extended Terminal Areas and Potential Savings......Page 227
Future Developments......Page 228
Fuel Conservation: Road Transport......Page 229
Calculation of the Fuel Consumption of a Vehicle......Page 230
Fuel Consumption of the Traffic as a Whole......Page 231
System Structure......Page 233
Energy Saving as a Means of Cost Saving......Page 235
Energy Consumption Characteristics......Page 236
Fuel Savings through Reduction of Ship Hull Resistance......Page 237
Improvement of Propulsive Efficiency......Page 238
Improvement of Marine Power Plants......Page 239
Bibliography......Page 240
Flight Economy and Transit Cost......Page 241
Other Parameters Affecting Fuel Consumption......Page 234
Kinematic Waves......Page 242
Specific Cases and Applications......Page 243
Bibliography......Page 245
Maglev Techniques......Page 246
EMS Vehicle Development and History......Page 247
Basic Subsystems of EMS Vehicles......Page 248
State of the Art and Prospects......Page 249
Types of Failures......Page 250
Indices of Operation......Page 251
Indicative Values of Indices......Page 252
Bibliography......Page 254
Computer-Aided Planning and Control......Page 255
Formalization of the Problem......Page 256
Scheduling Marine Fleet......Page 257
Essential Functions of CASPLAS......Page 258
Future Developments......Page 260
Gas Turbine Powered Marine Propulsion Plants......Page 261
Modelling and Simulation......Page 262
Day-to-Day Adjustment Process for Departure Time Models......Page 263
Level-Crossing Controller......Page 264
Advanced Train Control......Page 265
Dynamic Models of Route Choice......Page 266
Bibliography......Page 267
Practical Developments......Page 269
Future Developments......Page 272
Traffic Management and other Applications......Page 273
Road Traffic Control, Demand-Responsive......Page 274
Intersection Control Models......Page 275
Rolling-Horizon Optimization......Page 276
Trends in Generalized Systems......Page 277
Vehicular Traffic Flow Remote from Road Junctions......Page 268
Traffic at Junctions and Pedestrian Crossings......Page 270
Future Developments......Page 278
Process of Maneuvering......Page 279
Control Systems......Page 282
Principles......Page 284
Kalman Filter......Page 285
A Simple System......Page 286
Example Systems......Page 287
Basic Formulation......Page 288
The Oversaturated Intersection......Page 289
Systems of Intersections......Page 291
Generalization to Complex Transportation Networks......Page 292
Bibliography......Page 293
Control Strategies......Page 295
Theoretical Aspects of the Control Strategies......Page 297
Extension of Freeway Ramp-Metering Control to Corridor Control......Page 298
On-Ramp Control: Coordinated Traffic-Responsive Strategies......Page 299
Control Objectives......Page 300
Dynamic Nonlinear Open-Loop Optimal Control......Page 301
Hierarchical (Multilayer) Control Structures......Page 302
A Simulation Example......Page 303
On-Ramp Control, Local......Page 304
Local Ramp-Metering Strategies......Page 305
Assessment of Different Strategies......Page 307
Bibliography......Page 309
Principles of Freeway Traffic Control......Page 310
Methods of Inflow Control......Page 311
General Principles......Page 313
Road Traffic Control: Progression Methods......Page 314
The MAXBAND Method......Page 315
The MULTIBAND Method......Page 316
Railroad Systems: Active Control......Page 317
Possible Uses for Active Suspension Technology......Page 318
Control Methods......Page 320
TRANSYT......Page 323
Railroad Systems: Line Supervision and Control......Page 324
Regulation of Train Movements......Page 325
Routing Control Function......Page 326
SCOOT......Page 327
Trends in Generalized Systems......Page 328
History......Page 319
System Configuration......Page 321
Urban Expressway Traffic Control Systems......Page 322
Detectors......Page 331
Exceptional Practice......Page 332
Route Guidance......Page 333
Decentralization......Page 334
Computational Complexity......Page 335
Origin-Destination Matrix: Dynamic Estimation......Page 337
Basic Idea......Page 338
Estimation Methods......Page 339
Results......Page 340
Extensions......Page 341
Origin-Destination Matrix: Static Estimation......Page 342
Transport Model Estimation from Traffic Counts......Page 343
Nonstructured Approaches......Page 344
Traffic Counts and Matrix Estimation......Page 346
Improved Methods......Page 347
Treatment of Nonproportional Assignment......Page 348
Bibliography......Page 349
Background......Page 350
Requirements......Page 351
Planning......Page 352
Bibliography......Page 355
Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction......Page 356
Very-Short-Term Prediction......Page 357
Capacity......Page 358
Delay......Page 361
Bibliography......Page 362
Vehicle Monitoring......Page 363
Environmental Monitoring......Page 364
Vehicle Identification......Page 365
Railroad Systems: Active Control......Page 366
Route Guidance, Collective......Page 367
Practical Developments......Page 369
Existing Systems......Page 372
Railroad Systems: Line Supervision and Control......Page 373
Regulation of Train Movements......Page 374
Perspectives of the Development of Algorithms......Page 375
Bibliography......Page 376
Trends in Generalized Systems......Page 377
Information Needs......Page 368
Route Diversion Strategies......Page 370
Bibliography......Page 371
Modelling......Page 378
Applications......Page 379
Bibliography......Page 382
Architecture of the Fail-Safe Microcomputer......Page 383
Level-Crossing Controller......Page 384
Advanced Train Control......Page 385
Railroad Systems: Active Control......Page 386
Possible Uses for Active Suspension Technology......Page 387
Practical Developments......Page 389
Future Developments......Page 392
Railroad Systems: Line Supervision and Control......Page 393
Regulation of Train Movements......Page 394
Routing Control Function......Page 395
Technical Failure Management Function......Page 396
Trends in Generalized Systems......Page 397
Basic Automatic Systems......Page 398
The Problem......Page 399
Data Collection and Storage......Page 400
Accident Analysis......Page 401
Evaluating Road Safety Improvements......Page 404
Bibliography......Page 405
Safety of Road Traffic: Intervention and Evaluation......Page 406
Interventions......Page 407
Statistical Design and Data Collection......Page 409
Evaluation......Page 410
Bibliography......Page 411
Driving Principles......Page 412
Technological Developments......Page 413
Statement of the Problem......Page 414
Railroad Systems: Active Control......Page 415
Possible Uses for Active Suspension Technology......Page 416
Implementation and Results......Page 418
Future Developments......Page 421
Iterative Procedures......Page 422
Limitations and Future Developments......Page 423
Bibliography......Page 424
The Dynamic Setting......Page 425
Departure Time Model with Homogeneous Drivers......Page 426
Road Network Signal Setting: Equilibrium Conditions......Page 419
Signal Setting and Flow Pattern Interaction......Page 420
Departure Time Model with Heterogeneous Drivers......Page 427
Shipboard Automation......Page 428
Vessel Routing: Operation on Passage......Page 432
Structure and Elaboration of Models......Page 433
The Linear Model......Page 435
Modelling Vessel Motion......Page 437
Need for Adaptivity......Page 439
Ship Rudder Roll Stabilization......Page 440
Controller Design......Page 441
Gyroscopic Methods......Page 446
Antirolling Tanks......Page 448
Fins......Page 449
Development......Page 450
Steering Criteria......Page 451
Course-Keeping Controller......Page 452
Shortest-Path Algorithms......Page 453
Formulation of Shortest-Path Problems......Page 454
Dijkstra's Algorithm......Page 455
Matrix Algorithm......Page 457
Bibliography......Page 459
Statement of the Problem......Page 460
The Combined Problem as a Network Design Problem......Page 461
Mutually Consistent Signal Control and Assignment......Page 462
Bibliography......Page 464
Definitions......Page 465
Mathematical Programming Methods......Page 467
The Phase-Based Approach......Page 468
Signal Control at Individual Junctions: Stage-Based Approach......Page 470
Traffic Streams......Page 471
Practical Constraints on Signal Timings......Page 473
Limitations......Page 474
Simulation of Urban Traffic: Software Environments......Page 475
Artificial Intelligence Approach......Page 477
System Implementation......Page 480
Bibliography......Page 482
SIMAUT......Page 483
META......Page 484
Other Models......Page 485
Bibliography......Page 488
Models Developed in the USA......Page 489
Models Developed in the UK......Page 491
Models Developed in Germany......Page 492
Bibliography......Page 493
The Shipping Crisis......Page 494
High-Technology Ships......Page 495
Social and Educational Impact......Page 496
Car Transport......Page 497
The Goods Transportation System......Page 498
Basic Principles......Page 499
Control Strategies......Page 501
Bibliography......Page 502
Bibliography......Page 504
Characteristics of the Approach......Page 505
Bibliography......Page 509
Model Descriptions......Page 511
Literature Review......Page 512
Mathematical Formulations......Page 513
Transportation Systems: Trends......Page 515
Software Systems......Page 516
Within-Day Dynamic Stochastic Models......Page 518
Describing Activity Patterns and Traveller Groups......Page 506
Using the Approach......Page 507
Critique and Future Developments......Page 508
General Considerations......Page 510
Bibliography......Page 514
Applications......Page 517
Applications of Expert Systems......Page 519
Bibliography......Page 520
Representation of a Transportation System......Page 522
Deterministic Equilibrium......Page 523
Stochastic Equilibrium......Page 527
Bibliography......Page 529
Literature Review......Page 530
Mathematical Formulations......Page 531
Traffic Assignment, Stochastic......Page 533
Day-to-Day Dynamic Stochastic Model......Page 534
Within-Day Dynamic Stochastic Models......Page 536
Traffic Control Modes......Page 539
Background......Page 540
Exceptional Condition Analysis......Page 544
Traffic Signal Systems to the Present......Page 546
Complementary Developments......Page 547
Designing for the Future......Page 548
Traffic Management Systems......Page 550
Day-to-Day Dynamic Stochastic Model......Page 551
Driver Information Systems......Page 553
Integrated Traffic Control......Page 541
Performance Monitoring and Evaluation......Page 542
Processing Complex......Page 543
Past Developments......Page 545
The near Future......Page 549
Direct Traffic Control Systems......Page 554
Traffic Modelling......Page 555
Intrinsic Instability of the Traffic Behavior......Page 556
Traffic Regulation......Page 557
The Model......Page 559
Variables and Events......Page 560
Control......Page 561
Simplified Description of the Atlanta Metro (USA) ATC......Page 562
Simplified Description of the Hamburg Metro ATC......Page 564
Simplified Description of the Paris Metro ATC......Page 566
Bibliography......Page 569
Assessment of Traffic Management Schemes......Page 570
Deterministic Equilibrium......Page 571
Stochastic Equilibrium......Page 575
Procedures in a Scheme......Page 577
Efficient Operation......Page 578
Objectives......Page 579
Decision Making......Page 581
Organization......Page 582
Traffic Zones......Page 584
Range of Organizations......Page 574
Functional Requirements......Page 576
Control......Page 583
Trip Distribution......Page 585
Modal Choice......Page 586
General Concept for Dynamic Machine Vision......Page 587
Objects......Page 588
Closed-Loop Performance......Page 591
Objectives......Page 592
Equipment and Equipment Operation......Page 594
Results......Page 596
Cost 301 Studies on VTS......Page 597
Existing VTS: Inventory, Functions and Effectiveness......Page 598
Results......Page 599
Video Sensors......Page 600
Detection Techniques......Page 601
Measurements......Page 604
Bibliography......Page 605
Flights in Controlled Airspace......Page 606
Future Developments......Page 609
Alphabetical List of Articles......Page 611
A......Page 613
C......Page 621
D......Page 628
E......Page 632
F......Page 635
G......Page 640
H......Page 641
I......Page 643
K......Page 645
L......Page 646
M......Page 648
N......Page 655
O......Page 656
P......Page 659
Q......Page 662
R......Page 663
S......Page 676
T......Page 684
U......Page 697
V......Page 698
W......Page 701
Z......Page 702