Concise encyclopedia of applied linguistics

Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
The Editors......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
Subject Classification......Page 12
Introduction......Page 16
Contributors......Page 18
Part I: Introduction to Applied Linguistics......Page 22
Overview......Page 24
History......Page 27
Applied Linguistics Today......Page 31
Bibliography......Page 34
Doing Applied Linguistics Critically......Page 35
The Critical in Applied Linguistics......Page 38
Applied Linguistics and the Critical......Page 39
Bibliography......Page 41
The Emergence of Educational Linguistics......Page 43
Taking Stock of the Field......Page 44
Future Directions......Page 46
Bibliography......Page 47
Relevant Websites......Page 48
Part II: Regional Studies......Page 50
Multilingualism and the Role of the Excolonial Languages......Page 52
Language Learning and Teaching......Page 53
Academic Literacy Development in Higher Education......Page 54
Literacy......Page 55
Conclusion......Page 56
Bibliography......Page 57
The World of Australasia and the Pacific......Page 58
The World of Applied Linguistics in the Region......Page 59
Bibliography......Page 64
Relevant Websites......Page 65
Europe......Page 66
Linguistics Applied and Applied Linguistics in Contemporary China......Page 67
Bibliography......Page 71
Language Planning and Policy......Page 73
Sociolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism......Page 75
Sociolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism......Page 76
Psycholinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism......Page 77
Bibliography......Page 78
A Brief History of Applied Linguistics in North America......Page 80
Defining and Delimiting Applied Linguistics......Page 81
Research in Applied Linguistics in North America......Page 82
New Trends in Applied Linguistics in North America......Page 85
Bibliography......Page 86
South Asia......Page 87
Four Publications outside South America......Page 88
The Path of Applied Linguistics in South America: The Shadow Metaphor......Page 89
Final Remarks......Page 90
Bibliography......Page 91
Relevant Websites......Page 92
Applied Linguistics in the Subcontinent......Page 93
Language Policies: Scheduled and Nonscheduled Languages......Page 94
Language and Education......Page 95
Languages in Contact......Page 96
Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature......Page 97
Computational Linguistics......Page 98
Language Disorders......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 100
Bibliography......Page 101
Southeast Asia as a Linguistic Region......Page 103
From Nationalism to Nationism: The Adoption of National Languages......Page 104
Language use in Multilingual Settings and the Question of Social Identity......Page 105
English: Its Expanding Role and Varieties......Page 106
English Language Teaching and Learning......Page 107
Publications on Applied Linguistics in Southeast Asia......Page 109
Bibliography......Page 110
Part III: Language, Learners And Learning......Page 112
L2 Acquisition of Phonology......Page 114
L2 Acquisition of Inflectional Morphology......Page 116
L2 Acquisition of Derivational Morphology......Page 117
L2 Acquisition of Syntax......Page 118
Bibliography......Page 120
Sociopolitical Issues in First Language Proficiency Testing......Page 121
Functional and Processural Criteria for Assessing L1 Speaking, Listening, Writing, and Reading......Page 122
Implementation and Washback of L1 Proficiency Testing......Page 123
Bibliography......Page 124
Developments in Validity Theory......Page 126
Evidence-Centered Design......Page 127
Developing a Language Assessment System: An Example......Page 129
Messick on Test Validation: The Social Dimension......Page 130
Bibliography......Page 132
A Brief History of Bilingual Lexicography......Page 134
The Techniques of Modern Bilingual Lexicography......Page 136
Structure of a Bilingual Entry......Page 137
Directionality......Page 138
Bilingual Dictionaries Today and Tomorrow......Page 141
Bibliography......Page 143
School-Based Programs......Page 144
Outside of the Schools......Page 145
Relevant Websites......Page 146
The Scope of Grammar Teaching......Page 147
The Aims and Methods of Grammar Teaching......Page 148
Bibliography......Page 149
Language as a Right, a Resource, or a Problem......Page 151
Minority and Majority Languages in Education......Page 152
Bibliography......Page 154
The Interlanguage Hypothesis......Page 155
Development of the Interlanguage Hypothesis to the Early 1990s......Page 158
Bibliography......Page 160
Standards as the Goal......Page 161
Setting Standards......Page 162
Bibliography......Page 163
Defining the Object......Page 165
Traditional Approaches......Page 166
Recent Trends for the Development of the Discipline......Page 168
Bibliography......Page 169
Learning Two Languages Sequentially......Page 170
Delayed L1 Learning and L2 Learning......Page 171
Bibliography......Page 172
Main Features of the MLDSummary......Page 174
In More Detail......Page 175
Signs of Change......Page 176
OtheReferences......Page 177
Bottom-up Interpretation......Page 178
Interpretation and Inference......Page 180
The Context of Utterance......Page 181
Bibliography......Page 183
Theoretical Conceptualizations of Motivation in Second Language Learning......Page 185
Issues......Page 188
Bibliography......Page 191
Types of Grammars......Page 193
Characteristics of Pedagogical Grammars......Page 194
Pedagogical Grammar in Language Education......Page 196
Bibliography......Page 198
Current State of Theory......Page 200
Revisiting L1/L2 Relationships: the Transfer of Literacy and Language Knowledge......Page 201
Transferring Knowledge About Language Elements......Page 202
Transferring Language Elements: Grammar and Vocabulary......Page 203
Conclusion......Page 205
Bibliography......Page 206
Introduction......Page 208
Theoretical Models......Page 209
Linguistic Levels......Page 210
Research Designs......Page 212
Bibliography......Page 213
Second Language Corpus Studies......Page 215
Relevant Websites......Page 216
Discourse and SLA......Page 217
Language Identity......Page 218
Bibliography......Page 219
Word Meaning......Page 221
Idioms......Page 222
Negotiation......Page 223
Interference......Page 224
First Language Definitions......Page 225
Bibliography......Page 226
Sign Language Acquisition......Page 227
Bibliography......Page 230
Models and Descriptions of Second Language Speaking......Page 233
Areas of Growing Influence and Debate in the Area of Second Language Speaking......Page 237
Bibliography......Page 239
Introduction. The Spread of Third Language Acquisition: Sociolinguistic Perspectives......Page 240
Differences between Second and Third Language Acquisition......Page 241
Third Language Acquisition Research......Page 242
Multilingual Competence and the Multilingual Mind......Page 243
Bibliography......Page 244
Relevant Website......Page 245
Variation in Second Language Acquisition......Page 246
The L2 Grammar......Page 247
The Role of the Interfaces......Page 248
Syntactic Processing in the Second Language......Page 251
Bibliography......Page 252
History......Page 254
Current Status......Page 258
Future Directions......Page 259
Bibliography......Page 260
Part IV: Language, Teachers And Education......Page 262
Immersion Bilingual Education......Page 264
Dual Language Bilingual Education......Page 265
Bilingual Education and Politics......Page 266
The Advantages of \'Strong\' Forms of Bilingual Education......Page 267
The Effectiveness of Bilingual Education......Page 268
The Limitations of Bilingual Education......Page 269
Bibliography......Page 270
Classroom Talk......Page 272
Bibliography......Page 274
Linguistic Theory and Classroom Practice......Page 275
Interpretations of CLT......Page 278
CLT in the 21st Century......Page 279
Bibliography......Page 280
CALL Typology......Page 282
Professional CALL Associations......Page 289
Bibliography......Page 290
Relevant Websites......Page 291
Second Language Education......Page 293
Foreign Language Programs......Page 294
Teacher Preparation......Page 295
Bibliography......Page 296
The Cultural Dimensions of Language Study......Page 297
New Ways of Integrating Language, Culture, History, and Identity......Page 300
Bibliography......Page 302
Colonization and Educational Language Policy......Page 304
Bibliography......Page 306
The Internet as Classroom......Page 308
Research and Resources: The Internet as Tool......Page 309
Equality, Democracy, and the Internet......Page 311
Relevant Websites......Page 313
Language Awareness......Page 314
Bibliography......Page 315
Natural Language of Deaf Children......Page 317
The Situation Today......Page 318
Bibliography......Page 319
Differences According to Disciplines and Levels of Teaching......Page 320
Problems and Attempts at Alleviation......Page 321
Bibliography......Page 322
Traditions, Continuities, Possibilities, and Controversies......Page 323
Power-Related Dimensions of Minority Languages and Their Access to Education......Page 324
Organization of Minority Language Education around the World......Page 325
Bibliography......Page 326
Definitions of Native and Non-native Speakers......Page 328
Non-native English-Speaking Teachers\' Perceptions of Their Status and Roles......Page 329
Professional Development of Non-native English-Speaking Teachers......Page 331
Conclusion......Page 333
Bibliography......Page 334
Oracy Education......Page 336
Bibliography......Page 337
Specific Features of Pedagogical Contexts......Page 339
Current Trends......Page 340
Technological Influences......Page 342
Conclusion......Page 343
Bibliography......Page 344
The Politics of Mainstream Applied Linguistics......Page 345
The Politics of Critical Applied Linguistics......Page 347
Bibliography......Page 352
Reading and Multiliteracy......Page 354
Bibliography......Page 356
Remediation of Language Disorders in Children......Page 358
Bibliography......Page 360
Underpinnings of Curriculum......Page 362
Organization of Curriculum......Page 363
Information Gathering for Curriculum......Page 364
Key Questions in Curriculum......Page 365
Outcomes of Curriculum......Page 367
Bibliography......Page 369
Learning and Learners......Page 371
Teaching......Page 374
Conclusion......Page 377
Bibliography......Page 378
SL Teacher Education: Defining the Knowledge Base......Page 379
Principles for Designing and Evaluating Teacher Education Programs......Page 384
Models of Teacher Education Environments......Page 385
Perspectives and Developments......Page 386
Bibliography......Page 387
Key Developments in the Last Decade......Page 388
Professional Factors That Affect Technology and Language Learning......Page 393
Relevant Websites......Page 395
The Emergence of Language Teacher Education......Page 396
Language Teacher Education Since the 1960s......Page 397
Bibliography......Page 402
Focus and Nomenclature......Page 404
Crossnational Perspectives on Community Language Teaching......Page 405
Beyond Bilingualism: Dealing with Multilingualism at School......Page 409
Bibliography......Page 411
Relevant Websites......Page 412
Early Greek Education......Page 413
Roman Education......Page 415
Education in the Medieval Age......Page 416
Rise of the Vernacular Languages......Page 418
Toward the Modern Era......Page 419
The Lesson of Tradition......Page 420
Bibliography......Page 421
The Setting for Learning: Translator Education Programs......Page 422
The Emergence of Translation Pedagogy - Toward the Development of Translator Competence......Page 423
Bibliography......Page 425
Relevant Website......Page 426
Learning Vocabulary Through Listening......Page 427
Deliberate Vocabulary Learning......Page 428
Learning Vocabulary Through Writing......Page 429
Monitoring and Encouraging Progress......Page 430
Bibliography......Page 431
Part V: Applied Sociolinguistics......Page 432
Key Concepts......Page 434
Patterns and Mechanisms in Bilinglual Language Development......Page 435
Bilingual Education: Additive vs. Subtractive Bilingualism......Page 438
Conclusions......Page 439
Bibliography......Page 440
Communicative Competence......Page 441
A Key Concept in an Emerging Sociolinguistic Tradition......Page 442
Communicative Competence in Other Domains......Page 444
Re-examining Communicative Competence......Page 445
Bibliography......Page 446
Definitions: Correctness and Purism......Page 448
The Appropriateness Model of Linguistic Variation......Page 449
What is a Standard Variety?......Page 450
Spoken and Written Language......Page 451
Multilingualism......Page 452
Policy vs. Practice......Page 453
Relevant Websites......Page 454
The Nature of Group Difference......Page 455
The Language Dimension......Page 457
Language Attitudes......Page 459
Educational Responses to Disadvantage......Page 461
A Decade On......Page 462
Bibliography......Page 463
Categories of Countries by Linguistic Context......Page 464
Bibliography......Page 470
Recurrent Debates about Language, Education, and Gender......Page 471
Bibliography......Page 473
World Language......Page 475
International Language......Page 477
Languages of Wider Communication......Page 480
Bibliography......Page 481
Need for Language Policy and Planning......Page 482
Components of Language Policy......Page 483
Language Policies in Nation-States......Page 484
Language Policy beyond the Nation-State......Page 485
Language Policies at the International Level......Page 486
Linguistic Human Rights......Page 488
Typologies and Models of Multilingual Education......Page 489
Transitional Bilingual Education......Page 490
Weak Linkages between Language Policy and Planning......Page 492
Bibliography......Page 493
Relevant Websites......Page 494
Schools and Language Revival Efforts......Page 495
Communicative Language Teaching and L-[r]......Page 496
Different Expectations from Pedagogy......Page 497
Bibliography......Page 498
Lingua Francas and Multilingual Societies......Page 500
Lingua Francas and the Multilingual Individual......Page 503
International Lingua Franca Interactions......Page 505
Outlook: Current Research Trends......Page 506
Bibliography......Page 507
Linguistic Imperialism......Page 508
Bibliography......Page 510
Religion and Literacy......Page 511
Bibliography......Page 513
Categorizing Education in Multilingual Societies......Page 514
Debates and Research on Bilingual Programs......Page 515
Bibliography......Page 516
Native Speaker......Page 517
Bibliography......Page 519
Definitional Problem......Page 521
Experimental Results......Page 522
Bibliography......Page 523
The Historical Context......Page 525
Theoretical Influences......Page 526
Research Trajectories......Page 527
Bibliography......Page 529
Background and Key Concepts......Page 532
Overview of Second Language Socialization Research......Page 533
Bibliography......Page 537
Standards and Conventions in Mother Tongues......Page 539
What Is Standard?......Page 540
Bibliography......Page 541
Spread and Stratification......Page 542
World Englishes Speech Communities......Page 543
Process of Nativization and Englishization......Page 544
Conceptual Myths......Page 545
Constructing Identities of Englishes......Page 546
Literary Creativity, Canonicity, and World Englishes......Page 547
Bibliography......Page 548
Part VI: Biographies......Page 550
Bibliography......Page 552
Bibliography......Page 553
Ferguson, Charles A. (1921-1998)......Page 555
Bibliography......Page 556
Bibliography......Page 557
Hall, Robert A., Jr. (1911-1987)......Page 558
Bibliograpy......Page 559
Bibliography......Page 560
Bibilography......Page 561
Bibliography......Page 562
Bibliography......Page 563
Bibliography......Page 565
Passy, Paul Eacute douard (1859-1940)......Page 566
Bibliography......Page 567
Quirk, Professor The Lord Charles Randolph (b. 1920)......Page 568
Bibliography......Page 569
Relevant Websites......Page 570
Bibliography......Page 571
Richards, Ivor Armstrong (1893-1979)......Page 572
Bibliography......Page 573
Smith, Henry Lee (1913-1972)......Page 574
Bibliography......Page 575
Bibliography......Page 576
Bibliography......Page 577
Subject Index......Page 578