Concepts of Materials Science

Cover
When is a material stable?
	Concept
	Introduction
	Definitions
	The first law of thermodynamics
	The second law of thermodynamics
		Irreversibility and entropy production
		Entropy in terms of microstates
		Configurational entropy
		Summary of section 1.5
	Closed systems and heat reservoirs
	The Helmholtz free energy
	The Gibbs free energy
	Chemical potentials
	The Gibbs-Duhem equation
	The Gibbs phase rule
	Closing remarks
	Further reading
Phase diagrams
	Introduction
	Free energy - composition curves
	From free energy - composition curves to the equilibrium state
	Phase diagram for complete miscibility
	Phase diagrams for limited solubility in the solid state
		Eutectic phase diagram
		Peritectic phase diagram
	Closing remarks
	Further reading
Restless motion
	Concept
	Evidence of restless atomic motion
	Fluctuations and thermally activated processes
	Brownian motion
	The fluctuation-dissipation theorem
	Some other manifestations of restless atomic motion in materials
	Further reading
Defects
	Concept
	Change in materials
	Point defects
	Dislocations
	Grain boundaries
	Further reading
Symmetry
	Concept
	Introduction
	Conservation laws
	Physical properties of crystals
	Topological defects
	Quasicrystals
	Further reading
Quantum behaviour
	Concept
	The size and identity of atoms
	The double slit experiment
	Identical particles, the Pauli exclusion principle and spin
	Consequences of the Pauli exclusion principle
	Tunnelling
	Thermal properties of solids
	Quantum diffusion
	Closing remarks
	Further reading
Small is different
	Concept
	Introduction
	Quantum dots
	Catalysis
	Giant magnetoresistance
		The origin of magnetism
		Magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic metals
		The giant magnetoresistance effect
	Closing remarks
	Further reading
Collective behaviour
	Concept
	More is different
	Three examples of processes involving multiple length scales
		Electronic conduction
		Plasticity
		Fracture
	Further reading
Materials by design
	Concept
	Introduction
	Microstructure
	An example: replacing the `nickel\'
	Self-assembly
		The bubble raft
		Photonic crystals
		Quantum dots
	Smart materials
		Self-healing materials
		Self-cleaning glass
	Closing remarks
	Further reading
Metamaterials
	Concept
	Introduction
	An example: a metamaterial for elastic waves
	Electromagnetic metamaterials and negative refraction
	Invisibility cloaks
	Closing remarks
	Further reading
Biological matter as a material
	Concept
	What is life?
	Active matter
	Synthetic biology
	Closing remarks
	Further reading
Index