Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition) (Masteringgenetics)

Cover
Brief Contents
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About The Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
PART ONE: GENES, CHROMOSOMES, AND HEREDITY
	Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics
		1.1 Genetics Has a Rich and Interesting History
			1600–1850: The Dawn of Modern Biology
			Charles Darwin and Evolution
		1.2 Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century
			Mendel’s Work on Transmission of Traits
			The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Uniting Mendel and Meiosis
			Genetic Variation
			The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes: DNA or Protein?
		1.3 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics
			The Structure of DNA and RNA
			Gene Expression: From DNA to Phenotype
			Proteins and Biological Function
			Linking Genotype to Phenotype: Sickle‐Cell Anemia
		1.4 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of DNA Cloning
		1.5 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding
			Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply
			Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine
		1.6 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields
			Modern Approaches to Understanding Gene Function
		1.7 Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms
			The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms
			Model Organisms and Human Diseases
		1.8 We Live in the Age of Genetics
			The Nobel Prize and Genetics
			Genetics, Ethics, and Society
		Summary Points
		Problems and Discussion Questions
	Chapter 2 Mitosis and Meiosis
		2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function
		2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms
		2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells
			Interphase and the Cell Cycle
			Prophase
			Prometaphase and Metaphase
			Anaphase
			Telophase
			Cell‐Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints
		2.4 Meiosis Creates Haploid Gametes and Spores and Enhances Genetic Variation in Species
			Meiosis: Prophase I
			Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase I
			The Second Meiotic Division
		2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies in Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis
		2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to Sexual Reproduction in All Diploid Organisms
		2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical Structure of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: PubMed: Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature
			CASE STUDY Timing is everything
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
	Chapter 3 Mendelian Genetics
		3.1 Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance
		3.2 The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation
			Mendel’s First Three Postulates
			Modern Genetic Terminology
			Punnett Squares
			The Testcross: One Character
		3.3 Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique Ratio
			Mendel’s Fourth Postulate: Independent Assortment
			MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION: Identifying Mendel’s Gene for Regulating White Flower Color in Peas
			The Testcross: Two Characters
		3.4 The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel’s Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits
			The Forked‐Line Method, or Branch Diagram
		3.5 Mendel’s Work Was Rediscovered in the Early Twentieth Century
			Unit Factors, Genes, and Homologous Chromosomes
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
		3.6 Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation
		3.7 Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events
		3.8 Chi‐Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data
			Chi‐Square Calculations and the Null Hypothesis
			Interpreting Probability Values
		3.9 Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance of Human Traits
			Pedigree Conventions
			Pedigree Analysis
		3.10 Mutant Phenotypes Have Been Examined at the Molecular Level
			How Mendel’s Peas Become Wrinkled: A Molecular Explanation
			Tay—Sachs Disease: The Molecular Basis of a Recessive Disorder in Humans
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
			CASE STUDY To test or not to test
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
	Chapter 4 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
		4.1 Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways
		4.2 Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles
		4.3 Neither Allele Is Dominant in Incomplete, or Partial, Dominance
		4.4 In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident
		4.5 Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population
			The ABO Blood Groups
			The A and B Antigens
			The Bombay Phenotype
			The white Locus in Drosophila
		4.6 Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes
			The Molecular Basis of Dominance, Recessiveness, and Lethality: The agouti Gene
		4.7 Combinations of Two Gene Pairs with Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
		4.8 Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene
			Epistasis
			Novel Phenotypes
			Other Modified Dihybrid Ratios
		4.9 Complementation Analysis Can Determine if Two Mutations Causing a Similar Phenotype Are Alleles of the Same Gene
		4.10 Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects
		4.11 X‐Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome
			X‐Linkage in Drosophila
			X‐Linkage in Humans
		4.12 In Sex‐Limited and Sex‐Influenced Inheritance, an Individual’s Sex Influences the Phenotype
		4.13 Genetic Background and the Environment May Alter Phenotypic Expression
			Penetrance and Expressivity
			Genetic Background: Position Effects
			Temperature Effects—An Introduction to Conditional Mutations
			Nutritional Effects
			Onset of Genetic Expression
			Genetic Anticipation
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Nature versus Nurture: Is the Debate Over?
			CASE STUDY Should the child be deaf?
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
	Chapter 5 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes
		5.1 Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together
			The Linkage Ratio
		5.2 Crossing Over Serves as the Basis for Determining the Distance between Genes in Chromosome Mapping
			Morgan and Crossing Over
			Sturtevant and Mapping
			Single Crossovers
		5.3 Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Requires the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers
			Multiple Exchanges
			Three‐Point Mapping in Drosophila
			Determining the Gene Sequence
			An Autosomal Mapping Problem in Maize
		5.4 As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, Mapping Estimates Become More Inaccurate
			Interference and the Coefficient of Coincidence
		5.5 Drosophila Genes Have Been Extensively Mapped
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
		5.6 Lod Score Analysis and Somatic Cell Hybridization Were Historically Important in Creating Human Chromosome Maps
		5.7 Chromosome Mapping Is Currently Performed Using DNA Markers and Annotated Computer Databases
		5.8 Crossing Over Involves a Physical Exchange between Chromatids
		5.9 Exchanges Also Occur between Sister Chromatids during Mitosis
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Human Chromosome Maps on the Internet
			CASE STUDY Links to autism
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 6 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages
		6.1 Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow at an Exponential Rate
		6.2 Genetic Recombination Occurs in Bacteria
			Conjugation in Bacteria: The Discovery of F+ and F– Strains
			Hfr Bacteria and Chromosome Mapping
			Recombination in F+ × F– Matings: A Reexamination
			The F' State and Merozygotes
		6.3 The F Factor Is an Example of a Plasmid
		6.4 Transformation Is a Second Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
			The Transformation Process
			Transformation and Linked Genes
		6.5 Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses
			Phage T4: Structure and Life Cycle
			The Plaque Assay
			Lysogeny
		6.6 Transduction Is Virus‐Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer
			The Lederberg–Zinder Experiment
			Transduction and Mapping
		6.7 Bacteriophages Undergo Intergenic Recombination
			Bacteriophage Mutations
			Mapping in Bacteriophages
		6.8 Intragenic Recombination Occurs in Phage T4
			The rII Locus of Phage T4
			Complementation by rII Mutations
			Recombinational Analysis
			Deletion Testing of the rII Locus
			The rII Gene Map
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria: Fighting with Phage
			CASE STUDY To treat or not to treat
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 7 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
		7.1 X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the Twentieth Century
		7.2 The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans
			Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes
			47,XXX Syndrome
			47,XYY Condition
			Sexual Differentiation in Humans
			The Y Chromosome and Male Development
		7.3 The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0
		7.4 Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X‐Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals
			Barr Bodies
			The Lyon Hypothesis
			The Mechanism of Inactivation
		7.5 The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Can Determine Sex
			D. melanogaster
			Caenorhabditis elegans
			Drosophila Sxl Gene Induces Female Development
		7.6 Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Many Reptiles
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans
			CASE STUDY To treat or not to treat
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 8 Chromosomal Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement
		8.1 Variation in Chromosome Number: Terminology and Origin
		8.2 Monosomy and Trisomy Result in a Variety of Phenotypic Effects
			Monosomy
			Trisomy
			Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21
			The Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR)
			MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION: Mouse Models of Down Syndrome
			The Origin of the Extra Chromosome 21 in Down Syndrome
			Human Aneuploidy
		8.3 Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants
			Autopolyploidy
			Allopolyploidy
			Endopolyploidy
		8.4 Variation Occurs in the Composition and Arrangement of Chromosomes
		8.5 A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome
			Cri du Chat Syndrome in Humans
		8.6 A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of a Chromosome
			Gene Redundancy and Amplification—Ribosomal RNA Genes
			The Bar Mutation in Drosophila
			The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution
			Duplications at the Molecular Level: Copy Number Variations (CNVs)
		8.7 Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence
			Consequences of Inversions during Gamete Formation
			Evolutionary Advantages of Inversions
		8.8 Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome
			Translocations in Humans: Familial Down Syndrome
		8.9 Fragile Sites in Human Chromosomes Are Susceptible to Breakage
			Fragile‐X Syndrome
			The Link between Fragile Sites and Cancer
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Down Syndrome and Prenatal Testing—The New Eugenics?
			CASE STUDY Fish tales
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 9 Extranuclear Inheritance
		9.1 Organelle Heredity Involves DNA in ‐Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
			Chloroplasts: Variegation in Four O’Clock Plants
			Chloroplast Mutations in Chlamydomonas
			Mitochondrial Mutations: Early Studies in Neurospora and Yeast
		9.2 Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle Heredity
			Organelle DNA and the Endosymbiotic Theory
			Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Chloroplast DNA
			Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Mitochondrial DNA
		9.3 Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human Disorders
			Mitochondria, Human Health, and Aging
			Future Prevention of the Transmission of mtDNA‐Based Disorders
		9.4 In Maternal Effect, the Maternal Genotype Has a Strong Influence during Early Development
			Lymnaea Coiling
			Embryonic Development in Drosophila
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Mitochondrial Replacement and Three‐Parent Babies
			CASE STUDY Is it all in the genes?
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
PART TWO: DNA: STRUCTURE, REPLICATION, AND ORGANIZATION
	Chapter 10 DNA Structure and Analysis
		10.1 The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics
		10.2 Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material
		10.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria and Bacteriophages
			Transformation: Early Studies
			Transformation: The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment
			The Hershey–Chase Experiment
			Transfection Experiments
		10.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept That DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryotes
			Indirect Evidence: Distribution of DNA
			Indirect Evidence: Mutagenesis
			Direct Evidence: Recombinant DNA Studies
		10.5 RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses
		10.6 Knowledge of Nucleic Acid Chemistry Is Essential to the Understanding of DNA Structure
			Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids
			Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates
			Polynucleotides
		10.7 The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function
			Base‐Composition Studies
			X‐Ray Diffraction Analysis
			The Watson–Crick Model
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
		10.8 Alternative Forms of DNA Exist
		10.9 The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded
		10.10 Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA
			Electrophoresis
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Introduction to Bioinformatics: BLAST
			CASE STUDY Credit where credit is due
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 11 DNA Replication and Recombination
		11.1 DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication
			The Meselson–Stahl Experiment
			Semiconservative Replication in Eukaryotes
			Origins, Forks, and Units of Replication
		11.2 DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five ‐Polymerases, as Well as Other Enzymes
			DNA Polymerase I
			DNA Polymerase II, III, IV, and V
			The DNA Pol III Holoenzyme
		11.3 Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication
			Unwinding the DNA Helix
			Initiation of DNA Synthesis Using an RNA Primer
			Continuous and Discontinuous DNA Synthesis
			Concurrent Synthesis Occurs on the Leading and Lagging Strands
			Proofreading and Error Correction Occurs during DNA Replication
		11.4 A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication
		11.5 Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes
			MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION: Lethal Knockouts
		11.6 Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Replication in Bacteria, but Is More Complex
			Initiation at Multiple Replication Origins
			Multiple Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases
			Replication through Chromatin
		11.7 Telomeres Solve Stability and Replication Problems at Eukaryotic Chromosome Ends
			Telomere Structure and Chromosome Stability
			Telomeres and Chromosome End Replication
			Telomeres in Disease, Aging, and Cancer
		11.8 Recombination Is Essential for Genetic Exchange and DNA Repair
			Models of Homologous Recombination
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Telomeres: The Key to a Long Life?
			CASE STUDY At loose ends
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 12 DNA Organization in Chromosomes
		12.1 Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules
		12.2 Supercoiling Facilitates Compaction of the DNA of Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes
		12.3 Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in the Organization of DNA
			Polytene Chromosomes
			Lampbrush Chromosomes
		12.4 DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes
			Chromatin Structure and Nucleosomes
			Chromatin Remodeling
			Heterochromatin
		12.5 Chromosome Banding Differentiates Regions along the Mitotic Chromosome
		12.6 Eukaryotic Genomes Demonstrate Complex Sequence Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA
			Satellite DNA
			Centromeric DNA Sequences
			Middle Repetitive Sequences: VNTRs and STRs
			Repetitive Transposed Sequences: SINEs and LINEs
			Middle Repetitive Multiple‐Copy Genes
		12.7 The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Database of Genomic Variants: Structural Variations in the Human Genome
			CASE STUDY Helping or hurting?
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
PART THREE: GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS REGULATION
	Chapter 13 The Genetic Code and Transcription
		13.1 The Genetic Code Uses Ribonucleotide Bases as “Letters”
		13.2 Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code
			The Triplet Nature of the Code
		13.3 Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Led to Deciphering of the Code
			Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell‐Free System
			Homopolymer Codes
			The Use of Mixed Heteropolymers
			The Triplet Binding Assay
			Repeating Copolymers
		13.4 The Coding Dictionary Reveals Several Interesting Patterns among the 64 Codons
			Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis
			The Ordered Nature of the Code
			Punctuating the Code: Initiation and Termination Codons
		13.5 The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Phage MS2
		13.6 The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal
		13.7 Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes
		13.8 Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template
		13.9 RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis
			Promoters, Template Binding, and the Subunit
			Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of RNA Synthesis in Bacteria
		13.10 Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Bacterial Transcription in Several Ways
			Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
			Recent Discoveries Concerning Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase Function
			Processing Eukaryotic RNA: Caps and Tails
		13.11 The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences Called Introns
			Why Do Introns Exist?
			Splicing Mechanisms: Self‐Splicing RNAs
			Splicing Mechanisms: The Spliceosome
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
		13.12 RNA Editing May Modify the Final Transcript
		13.13 Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy
			CASE STUDYT reatment dilemmas
		Summary Points
		GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy with Exon‐Skipping Drugs
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 14 Translation and Proteins
		14.1 Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs
			Ribosomal Structure
			tRNA Structure
			Charging tRNA
		14.2 Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps
			Initiation
			Elongation
			Termination
			Polyribosomes
		14.3 High‐Resolution Studies Have Revealed Many Details about the Functional Bacterial Ribosome
		14.4 Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes
		14.5 The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
			Phenylketonuria
		14.6 Studies of Neurospora Led to the One‐Gene:One‐Enzyme Hypothesis
			Analysis of Neurospora Mutants by Beadle and Tatum
			Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical Pathways
		14.7 Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide
			Sickle‐Cell Anemia
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
		14.8 Variation in Protein Structure Provides the Basis of Biological Diversity
		14.9 Posttranslational Modification Alters the Final Protein Product
			Protein Folding and Misfolding
		14.10 Proteins Perform Many Diverse Roles
		14.11 Proteins Often Include More Than One ‐Functional Domain
			Exon Shuffling
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Translation Tools and Swiss‐Prot for Studying Protein Sequences
			CASE STUDY Crippled ribosomes
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 15 Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition
		15.1 Gene Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways
			Classification Based on Type of Molecular Change
			Classification Based on Effect on Function
			Classification Based on Location of Mutation
		15.2 Mutations Occur Spontaneously and Randomly
			Spontaneous and Induced Mutations
			Spontaneous Germ‐Line Mutation Rates in Humans
			Spontaneous Somatic Mutation Rates in Humans
			The Fluctuation Test: Are Mutations Random or Adaptive?
		15.3 Spontaneous Mutations Arise from ‐Replication Errors and Base Modifications
			DNA Replication Errors and Slippage
			Tautomeric Shifts
			Depurination and Deamination
			Oxidative Damage
			Transposable Elements
		15.4 Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation
			Base Analogs
			Alkylating, Intercalating, and Adduct‐Forming Agents
			Ultraviolet Light
			Ionizing Radiation
		15.5 Single‐Gene Mutations Cause a Wide Range of Human Diseases
			Single‐Gene Mutations and β‐Thalassemia
			Mutations Caused by Expandable DNA Repeats
		15.6 Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Counteract Mutations
			Proofreading and Mismatch Repair
			Postreplication Repair and the SOS Repair System
			Photoreactivation Repair: Reversal of UV Damage
			Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair
			Nucleotide Excision Repair and Xeroderma ‐Pigmentosum in Humans
			Double‐Strand Break Repair in Eukaryotes
		15.7 The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the ‐Mutagenicity of Compounds
		15.8 Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Create Mutations
			DNA Transposons
			DNA Transposons—the Ac–Ds System in Maize
			Retrotransposons
			Retrotransposons—the Copia –White‐Apricot ‐System in Drosophila
			Transposable Elements in Humans
			MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION: Transposon‐Mediated Mutations Reveal Genes Involved in Colorectal Cancer
			Transposable Elements, Mutations, and Evolution
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Sequence Alignment to Identify a Mutation
			CASE STUDY An Unexpected Diagnosis
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 16 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
		16.1 Bacteria Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Conditions
		16.2 Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System
			Structural Genes
			The Discovery of Regulatory Mutations
			The Operon Model: Negative Control
			Genetic Proof of the Operon Model
			Isolation of the Repressor
		16.3 The Catabolite‐Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon
		16.4 Crystal Structure Analysis of Repressor ‐Complexes Has Confirmed the Operon Model
		16.5 The Tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System
			Evidence for the trp Operon
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
		16.6 RNA Plays Diverse Roles in Regulating Gene Expression in Bacteria
			Attenuation
			Riboswitches
			Small Noncoding RNAs Play Regulatory Roles in Bacteria
			CASE STUDY MRSA in the National Football League (NFL)
		Summary Points
		GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Quorum Sensing: Social Networking and Gene Regulation in Bacteria
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 17 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes
		17.1 Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell Facilitates Gene Regulation at Several Levels
		17.2 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Influenced by Chromatin Modifications
			Chromosome Territories and Transcription Factories
			Open and Closed Chromatin
			Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling
			DNA Methylation
		17.3 Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Requires Specific Cis‐Acting Sites
			Promoters and Promoter Elements
			Enhancers, Insulators, and Silencers
		17.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Is Regulated by Transcription Factors That Bind to Cis‐Acting Sites
			The Human Metallothionein 2A Gene: Multiple Cis‐Acting Elements and Transcription Factors
			Functional Domains of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors
		17.5 Activators and Repressors Interact with General Transcription Factors and Affect Chromatin Structure
			Formation of the RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation Complex
			Mechanisms of Transcription Activation and Repression
		17.6 Gene Regulation in a Model Organism: Transcription of the GAL Genes of Yeast
		17.7 ENCODE Data Are Transforming Our Concepts of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
			Enhancer and Promoter Elements
			Transcripts and Noncoding RNA
			Evolving Concept of the Gene
			Many Disease‐Associated Genome Variations Affect Regulatory Regions
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Tissue‐Specific Gene Expression
			CASE STUDY Risk assessment
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 18 Posttranscriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes
		18.1 Regulation of Alternative Splicing Determines Which RNA Spliceforms of a Gene Are Translated
			Types of Alternative Splicing
			Alternative Splicing and the Proteome
			Regulation of Alternative Splicing
			Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Model for Regulation of Alternative Splicing
			Alternative Splicing and Human Diseases
		18.2 Gene Expression Is Regulated by mRNA Stability and Degradation
			Mechanisms of mRNA Decay
			Regulation of mRNA Stability and Degradation
			mRNA Surveillance and Nonsense‐Mediated Decay
		18.3 Noncoding RNAs Play Diverse Roles in ‐Posttranscriptional Regulation
			The Discovery of RNA Interference and microRNAs
			MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION: MicroRNAs Regulate Ovulation in Female Mice
			Mechanisms of RNA Interference
			RNA Interference in Research, Biotechnology, and Medicine
			Long Noncoding RNAs and Posttranscriptional Regulation
			Circular RNAs
		18.4 mRNA Localization and Translation Initiation Are Highly Regulated
			Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation
			mRNA Localization and Localized Translational Control
		18.5 Posttranslational Modifications Regulate ‐Protein Activity
			Regulation of Proteins by Phosphorylation
			Ubiquitin‐Mediated Protein Degradation
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Is DNA Enough?
			CASE STUDY A mysterious muscular dystrophy
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 19 Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
		19.1 Molecular Alterations to the Genome Create an Epigenome
			DNA Methylation and the Methylome
			Histone Modification and Chromatin Remodeling
			Short and Long Noncoding RNAs
		19.2 Epigenetics and Monoallelic Gene Expression
			Parent‐of‐Origin Monoallelic Expression: Imprinting
			Random Monoallelic Expression: Inactivation of the X Chromosome
			Random Monoallelic Expression of Autosomal Genes
			Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and Imprinting Defects
		19.3 Epigenetics and Cancer
			DNA Methylation and Cancer
			Chromatin Remodeling and Histone Modification in Cancer
			Epigenetic Cancer Therapy
		19.4 Epigenetic Traits Are Heritable
			Environmental Induction of Epigenetic Change
			Stress‐Induced Behavior Is Heritable
		19.5 Epigenome Projects and Databases
			CASE STUDY Food for Thought
		Summary Points
		EXPLORING GENOMICS: The International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC)
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
PART FOUR: GENETIC TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS
	Chapter 20 Recombinant DNA Technology
		20.1 Recombinant DNA Technology Began with Two Key Tools: Restriction Enzymes and Cloning Vectors
			Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA at Specific ‐Recognition Sequences
			DNA Vectors Accept and Replicate DNA Molecules to Be Cloned
			Bacterial Plasmid Vectors
			Other Types of Cloning Vectors
			Host Cells for Cloning Vectors
		20.2 DNA Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences
			Genomic Libraries
			Complementary DNA (cDNA) Libraries
			Specific Genes Can Be Recovered from a Library by Screening
		20.3 The Polymerase Chain Reaction Is a Powerful Technique for Copying DNA
			PCR Limitations
			PCR Applications
		20.4 Molecular Techniques for Analyzing DNA and RNA
			Restriction Mapping
			Nucleic Acid Blotting
			In Situ Hybridization
		20.5 DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize DNA at the Molecular Level
			Sequencing Technologies Have Progressed Rapidly
			Next‐Generation Sequencing Technology
			Third‐Generation Sequencing Technology
			DNA Sequencing and Genomics
		20.6 Creating Knockout and Transgenic Organisms for Studying Gene Function
			Gene Targeting and Knockout Animal Models
			Making a Transgenic Animal: The Basics
			Gene Editing with CRISPR‐Cas
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Manipulating Recombinant DNA: Restriction Mapping and Designing PCR Primers
			CASE STUDY Ethical issues and genetic technology
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 21 Genomic Analysis
		21.1 Genomic Analysis Before Modern Sequencing Methods Involved Classical Genetics Approaches and Cloning to Map One or a Few Genes at a Time
		21.2 Whole‐Genome Sequencing Is Widely Used for Sequencing and Assembling Entire Genomes
			High‐Throughput Sequencing and Its Impact on Genomics
			The Clone‐by‐Clone Approach
			Draft Sequences and Reference Genomes
		21.3 DNA Sequence Analysis Relies on Bioinformatics Applications and Genome Databases
			Annotation to Identify Gene Sequences
			Hallmark Characteristics of a Gene Sequence Can Be Recognized during Annotation
		21.4 Functional Genomics Establishes Gene Function and Identifies Regulatory Elements in a Genome
			Predicting Gene and Protein Functions by Sequence Analysis
			Predicting Function from Structural Analysis of Protein Domains and Motifs
			Investigators Are Using Genomics Techniques Such as Chromatin Immunoprecipitation to Investigate Aspects of Genome Function and Regulation
		21.5 The Human Genome Project Revealed Many Important Aspects of Genome Organization in Humans
			Origins of the Project
			Major Features of the Human Genome
			Individual Variations in the Human Genome
			Accessing the Human Genome Project on the Internet
		21.6 The “Omics” Revolution Has Created a New Era of Biological Research
			After the HGP, What’s Next?
			Personal Genome Projects
			Somatic Genome Mosaicism and the Emerging Pangenome
			Whole‐Exome Sequencing
			Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project
			Nutrigenomics Considers Genetics and Diet
			No Genome Left Behind and the Genome 10K Plan
			Stone‐Age Genomics
		21.7 Comparative Genomics Analyzes and Compares Genomes from Different Organisms
			Bacterial and Eukaryotic Genomes Display Common Structural and Functional Features and Important Differences
			Comparative Genomics Provides Novel Information about the Genomes of Model Organisms and the Human Genome
			The Sea Urchin Genome
			The Dog Genome
			The Chimpanzee Genome
			The Rhesus Monkey Genome
			The Neanderthal Genome and Modern Humans
		21.8 Metagenomics Applies Genomics Techniques to Environmental Samples
			The Human Microbiome Project
		21.9 Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Profiles of Expressed Genes in Cells and Tissues
			DNA Microarray Analysis
			RNA Sequencing Technology Allows for In Situ Analysis of Gene Expression
		21.10 Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Protein Composition of Cells
			Reconciling the Number of Genes and the Number of Proteins Expressed by a Cell or Tissue
			Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification
			EXPLORING GENOMICS: Contigs, Shotgun Sequencing, and Comparative Genomics
			CASE STUDY Your microbiome may be a risk factor for disease
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 22 Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
		22.1 Genetically Engineered Organisms Synthesize a Variety of Valuable Biopharmaceutical Products
			Recombinant Protein Production in Bacteria
			Transgenic Animal Hosts and Biopharmaceutical Products
			Recombinant DNA Approaches for Vaccine Production
			Vaccine Proteins Can Be Produced by Plants
			DNA‐Based Vaccines
		22.2 Genetic Engineering of Plants Has Revolutionized Agriculture
		22.3 Genetically Modified Animals Serve Important Roles in Biotechnology
			Examples of Transgenic Animals
		22.4 Genetic Testing, Including Genomic Analysis, Is Transforming Medical Diagnosis
			Genetic Testing for Prognostic or Diagnostic Purposes
			Prenatal Genetic Testing
			Genetic Testing Using Allele‐Specific Oligonucleotides
			Genetic Testing Using Microarrays
			Applications of Gene‐Expression Microarrays and Next–Generation Sequencing for Pathogen Identification
			Screening the Genome for Genes or Mutations You Want
		22.5 Genetic Analysis of Individual Genomes
		22.6 Genetic Analysis from Single Cells
		22.7 Genome‐Wide Association Studies Identify Genome Variations That Contribute to Disease
		22.8 Synthetic Genomes and the Emergence of Synthetic Biology
			The Minimal Genome: How Many Essential Genes Are Required by a Living Cell?
			Design and Transplantation of a Synthetic Genome Defines the Minimal Bacterial Genome
			The Essential Genes of Human Cells and the Quest to Create a Synthetic Human Genome
			Synthetic Biology for Bioengineering Applications
		22.9 Genetic Engineering, Genomics, and Biotechnology Raise Ethical, Social, and Legal Questions
			Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas
			Direct‐to‐Consumer Genetic Testing and Regulating the Genetic Test Providers
			DNA and Gene Patents
			Whole‐Genome Sequence Analysis Presents Many Questions of Ethics
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Privacy and Anonymity in the Era of Genomic Big Data
			Preconception Testing, Destiny Predictions, and Baby‐Predicting Patents
			Patents and Synthetic Biology
			CASE STUDY “Driving” to Extinction
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
PART FIVE: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
	Chapter 23 Developmental Genetics
		23.1 Differentiated States Develop from Coordinated Programs of Gene Expression
			Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Development
		23.2 Evolutionary Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms Can Be Studied Using Model Organisms
			Analysis of Developmental Mechanisms
		23.3 Genetic Analysis of Embryonic Development in Drosophila Reveals How the Body Axis of Animals Is Specified
			Overview of Drosophila Development
			Genetic Analysis of Embryogenesis
		23.4 Segment Formation and Body Plans in Drosophila and Mammals
			Gap Genes
			Pair‐Rule Genes
			Segment Polarity Genes
			Segmentation Genes in Mice and Humans
		23.5 Homeotic Selector Genes Specify Body Parts of the Adult
			Hox Genes in Drosophila
			Hox Genes and Human Genetic Disorders
		23.6 Plants Have Evolved Developmental Regulatory Systems That Parallel Those of Animals
			Homeotic Genes in Arabidopsis
			Divergence in Homeotic Genes
		23.7 C. elegans Serves as a Model for Cell–Cell Interactions in Development
			Signaling Pathways in Development
			The Notch Signaling Pathway
			MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GENE FUNCTION: Downregulating a Single Gene Reveals Secrets to Head Regeneration in Planaria
			Overview of C. elegans Development
			Genetic Analysis of Vulva Formation
		23.8 Binary Switch Genes and Regulatory Networks Program Genomic Expression
			The Control of Eye Formation
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Stem Cell Wars
			CASE STUDY One foot or another
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra Spicy Problems
	Chapter 24 Cancer Genetics
		24.1 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease at the Level of Somatic Cells
			What Is Cancer?
			The Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells
			Driver Mutations and Passenger Mutations
			The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis
			Cancer as a Multistep Process, Requiring Multiple Mutations and Clonal Expansions
		24.2 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Modifications
			Genomic Instability and Defective DNA Repair
			Chromatin Modifications and Cancer Epigenetics
		24.3 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell‐Cycle Regulation
			The Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction
			Cell‐Cycle Control and Checkpoints
			Control of Apoptosis
			Cancer Therapies and Cancer Cell Biology
		24.4 Proto‐oncogenes and Tumor‐Suppressor Genes Are Altered in Cancer Cells
			The ras Proto‐oncogenes
			The TP53 Tumor‐Suppressor Gene
		24.5 Cancer Cells Metastasize and Invade Other Tissues
		24.6 Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited
		24.7 Viruses Contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals
		24.8 Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers
			Natural Environmental Agents
			Human‐Made Chemicals and Pollutants
			Tobacco Smoke and Cancer
			CASE STUDY Cancer‐killing bacteria
		Summary Points
		EXPLORING GENOMICS: The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP)
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra Spicy Problems
	Chapter 25 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits
		25.1 Not All Polygenic Traits Show Continuous Variation
		25.2 Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms
			The Multiple‐Gene Hypothesis for Quantitative Inheritance
			Additive Alleles: The Basis of Continuous Variation
			Calculating the Number of Polygenes
		25.3 The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis
			The Mean
			Variance
			Standard Deviation
			Standard Error of the Mean
			Covariance and Correlation Coefficient
			Analysis of a Quantitative Character
		25.4 Heritability Values Estimate the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability
			Broad‐Sense Heritability
			Narrow‐Sense Heritability
			Artificial Selection
			Limitations of Heritability Studies
		25.5 Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans
			Large‐Scale Analysis of Twin Studies
			Twin Studies Have Several Limitations
		25.6 Quantitative Trait Loci Are Useful in Studying Multifactorial Phenotypes
			Expression QTLs Regulate Gene Expression
			Expression QTLs and Genetic Disorders
			GENETICS, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY: Rice, Genes, and the Second Green Revolution
			CASE STUDY A Chance Discovery
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
	Chapter 26 Population and Evolutionary Genetics
		26.1 Genetic Variation Is Present in Most Populations and Species
			Detecting Genetic Variation
			Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Variation
			Genetic Variation in Genomes
			Explaining the High Level of Genetic Variation in Populations
		26.2 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Describes Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in Population Gene Pools
			Calculating Genotype Frequencies
			Calculating Allele Frequencies
			The Hardy–Weinberg Law and Its Assumptions
		26.3 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations
			Testing for Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium in a Population
			Calculating Frequencies for Multiple Alleles in Populations
			Calculating Allele Frequencies for X‐linked Traits
			Calculating Heterozygote Frequency
		26.4 Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change
			Detecting Natural Selection in Populations
			Fitness and Selection
			There Are Several Types of Selection
		26.5 Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool
		26.6 Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies
		26.7 Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations
			Founder Effects in Human Populations
		26.8 Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency
			Inbreeding
		26.9 Speciation Can Occur through Reproductive Isolation
			Changes Leading to Speciation
			The Rate of Macroevolution and Speciation
		26.10 Phylogeny Can Be Used to Analyze Evolutionary History
			Constructing Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences
			Reconstructing Vertebrate Evolution by Phylogenetic Analysis
			Molecular Clocks Measure the Rate of Evolutionary Change
			The Complex Origins of the Human Genome
			Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa
			CASE STUDY A Tale of Two Olivias
		Summary Points
		Insights and Solutions
		Problems and Discussion Questions
		Extra‐Spicy Problems
Special Topics in Modern Genetics 1
	CRISPR‐Cas and Genome Editing
		CRISPR‐Cas Is an Adaptive Immune System in Prokaryotes
			Discovery of CRISPR
			The CRISPR‐Cas Mechanism for RNA‐Guided Destruction of Invading DNA
			Type II CRISPR‐Cas Systems
		CRISPR‐Cas has been Adapted as a Powerful Tool for Genome Editing
			CRISPR‐Cas9 In Vitro
			CRISPR‐Cas9 Genome Editing of Mammalian Cells
			CRISPR‐Cas Infidelity
		CRISPR‐Cas Technology Has Diverse Applications
			CRISPR-Cas as a Tool for Basic Genetic Research
			Box 1 CRISPR‐Cas as a Tool for Basic Genetic Research
			CRISPR‐Cas in Biotechnology
			Clinical Use of CRISPR‐Cas to Treat or Cure Disease
			Box 2 Ethical Concerns of Human Genome Editing
Special Topics In Modern Genetics 2
	DNA Forensics
		DNA Profiling Methods
			VNTR‐Based DNA Fingerprinting
			Box 1 The Pitchfork Case: The First Criminal Conviction Using DNA Profiling
			Autosomal STR DNA Profiling
			Y‐Chromosome STR Profiling
			Mitochondrial DNA Profiling
			Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism Profiling
			DNA Phenotyping
			Box 2 Putting a Face to DNA: The Bouzigard Case
		Interpreting DNA Profiles
			The Uniqueness of DNA Profiles
			DNA Profile Databases
		Technical and Ethical Issues Surrounding DNA Profiling
			Box 3 The Kennedy Brewer Case: Two Bite‐Mark Errors and One Hit
			Box 4 A Case of Transference: The Lukis Anderson Story
Special Topics In Modern Genetics 3
	Genomics and Precision Medicine
		Pharmacogenomics
			Optimizing Drug Responses
			Developing Targeted Drugs
			Box 1 Preemptive Pharmacogenomic Screening: The PGEN4Kids Program
		Precision Oncology
			Targeted Cancer Immunotherapies
			Box 2 Precision Cancer Diagnostics and Treatments: The Lukas Wartman Story
			Box 3 Cell Types in the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
			Box 4 Steps in Cytotoxic T‐cell Recognition, Activation, and Destruction of Cancer Cells
		Precision Medicine and Disease Diagnostics
		Technical, Social, and Ethical Challenges
			Box 5 Beyond Genomics: Personal Omics Profiling
Special Topics In Modern Genetics 4
	Genetically Modified Foods
		What Are GM Foods?
			Herbicide‐Resistant GM Crops
			Box 1 The Tale of GM Salmon—Downstream Effects?
			Insect‐Resistant GM Crops
			GM Crops for Direct Consumption
		Methods Used to Create GM Plants
			Selectable Markers
			Roundup‐Ready® Soybeans
			Golden Rice 2
			Gene Editing and GM Foods
		GM Foods Controversies
			Box 2 The New CRISPR Mushroom
			Health and Safety
			Environmental Effects
		The Future of GM Foods
Special Topics In Modern Genetics 5
	Gene Therapy
		What Genetic Conditions Are Candidates for Treatment by Gene Therapy?
		How Are Therapeutic Genes Delivered?
			Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
			Box 1 ClinicalTrials.gov
			Nonviral Delivery Methods
			Stem Cells for Delivering Therapeutic Genes
		The First Successful Gene Therapy Trial
		Gene Therapy Setbacks
			Problems with Gene Therapy Vectors
		Recent Successful Trials by Conventional Gene Therapy Approaches
			Treating Retinal Blindness
			Successful Treatment of Hemophilia B
			HIV as a Vector Shows Promise in Recent Trials
			Box 2 Glybera Is the First Commercial Gene Therapy to be Approved in the West Lasted Only 5 Years
			Gene Editing Approaches to Gene Therapy
			DNA‐Editing Nucleases
			CRISPR‐Cas Method Revolutionizes Gene Editing Applications and Renews Optimism in Gene Therapy
			RNA‐Based Therapeutics
		Future Challenges and Ethical Issues
			Ethical Concerns Surrounding Gene Therapy
			Box 3 Gene Doping for Athletic Performance?
Special Topics In Modern Genetics 6
	Advances in Neurogenetics: The Study of Huntington Disease
		Box 1 George Huntington and His Namesake Disease
		The Search for the Huntington Gene
			Finding a Linkage between Huntington Disease and an RFLP Marker
			Box 2 Nancy Wexler and the Venezuelan Pedigree
			Assigning the HD Gene to Chromosome 4
			The Identification and Cloning of the Huntington Gene
			Box 3 Genetic Testing for Huntington Disease
		The HTT Gene and Its Protein Product
		Molecular and Cellular Alterations in Huntington Disease
			Transcriptional Disruption
			Impaired Protein Folding and Degradation
			Synaptic Dysfunction
			Impaired Mitochondrial Function
		Transgenic Animal Models of Huntington Disease
			Using Transgenic Mice to Study Huntington Disease
			Transgenic Sheep as an Animal Model of Huntington Disease
		Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Therapy
			Stem Cells for Transplantation
			Identifying Potential Drugs for Therapy
			Gene Silencing to Reduce mHTT Levels
			Gene Editing in Huntington Disease
		The Relationship between HD and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
			Box 4 Huntington Disease and Behavior
Appendix A: Selected Readings
Appendix B: Answers to Selected Problems
Glossary
Credits
Index
Evolving Concept of The Gene