Concepts in Biology

2 The Basics of Life: Chemistry......Page 6
Preface......Page 17
1 What Is Biology?......Page 24
1.1 Why a Study of Biology Is Important......Page 25
1.2 Science and the Scientific Method......Page 26
1.3 Science, Nonscience, and Pseudoscience......Page 30
1.4 The Science of Biology......Page 35
PART II: Cornerstones Chemistry, Cells, and Metabolism......Page 46
7 Biochemical Pathways— Photosynthesis......Page 158
7.2 An Overview of Photosynthesis......Page 159
7.3 The Metabolic Pathway of Photosynthesis......Page 161
7.4 Other Aspects of Plant Metabolism......Page 168
7.5 Interrelationships Between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs......Page 169
6 Biochemical Pathways—Cellular Respiration......Page 138
6.1 Energy and Organisms......Page 139
6.2 An Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration......Page 140
 6.3 The Metabolic Pathways of Aerobic Cellular Respiration......Page 143
6.5 Anaerobic Cellular Respiration......Page 149
6.6 Metabolic Processing of Molecules Other Than Carbohydrates......Page 151
5 Enzymes, Coenzymes, and Energy......Page 122
5.1 How Cells Use Enzymes......Page 123
 5.2 How Enzymes Speed Chemical Reaction Rates......Page 124
5.3 Cofactors, Coenzymes, and Vitamins......Page 126
5.4 How the Environment Affects Enzyme Action......Page 127
5.5 Cellular-Control Processes and Enzymes......Page 128
5.6 Enzymatic Reactions Used in Processing Energy and Matter......Page 132
4 Cell Structure and Function......Page 92
4.1 The Development of the Cell Theory......Page 93
4.2 Cell Size......Page 95
4.3 The Structure of Cellular Membranes......Page 97
4.4 Organelles Composed of Membranes......Page 98
4.5 Nonmembranous Organelles......Page 105
4.6 Nuclear Components......Page 108
4.7 Exchange Through Membranes......Page 110
4.8 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Revisited......Page 115
3 Organic Molecules—the Molecules of Life......Page 68
3.1 Molecules Containing Carbon......Page 69
3.2 Carbohydrates......Page 75
3.3 Proteins......Page 77
3.4 Nucleic Acids......Page 81
3.5 Lipids......Page 84
2.1 Matter, Energy, and Life......Page 47
2.2 The Nature of Matter......Page 48
2.4 Molecules and Kinetic Energy......Page 52
2.6 Chemical Changes—Forming New Kinds of Matter......Page 53
2.7 Water: The Essence of Life......Page 57
2.8 Chemical Reactions......Page 58
2.9 Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 61
8 DNA and RNA: The Molecular Basis of Heredity......Page 174
11 Applications of Biotechnology......Page 246
11.2 Comparing DNA......Page 247
11.3 The Genetic Modification of Organisms......Page 259
11.4 Stem Cells......Page 263
11.5 Biotechnology Ethics......Page 265
10 Patterns of Inheritance......Page 222
10.1 Meiosis, Genes, and Alleles......Page 223
10.2 The Fundamentals of Genetics......Page 224
10.3 Probability vs. Possibility......Page 226
10.4 The First Geneticist: Gregor Mendel......Page 227
10.5 Solving Genetics Problems......Page 229
10.7 Linkage......Page 239
10.6 Modified Mendelian Patterns......Page 233
10.8 Other Influences on Phenotype......Page 241
9 Cell Division—Proliferation and Reproduction......Page 194
9.2 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis......Page 195
9.3 Mitosis—Cell Replication......Page 197
9.4 Controlling Mitosis......Page 201
9.5 Cancer......Page 193
9.6 Determination and Differentiation......Page 204
9.8 Meiosis—Gamete Production......Page 205
9.9 Genetic Diversity—The Biological Advantage of Sexual Reproduction......Page 212
9.10 Nondisjunction and Chromosomal Abnormalities......Page 216
8.2 DNA Structure and Function......Page 175
8.4 Protein Synthesis......Page 178
8.5 The Control of Protein Synthesis......Page 184
8.6 Mutations and Protein Synthesis......Page 189
12 Diversity Within Species and Population Genetics......Page 270
18 Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects of Behavior......Page 416
18.2 The Problem of Anthropomorphism......Page 417
18.3 Instinctive and Learned Behavior......Page 418
18.4 Kinds of Learning......Page 421
18.5 Instinct and Learning in the Same Animal......Page 425
18.6 Human Behavior......Page 426
18.7 Selected Topics in Behavioral Ecology......Page 428
17 Population Ecology......Page 396
17.1 Population Characteristics......Page 397
17.2 Reproductive Capacity......Page 400
17.3 The Population Growth Curve......Page 401
17.4 Limits to Population Size......Page 403
17.5 Categories of Limiting Factors......Page 404
17.6 Carrying Capacity......Page 405
17.7 Limiting Factors to Human Population Growth......Page 406
17.8 The Control of the Human Population—a Social Problem......Page 412
16 Community Interactions......Page 354
16.1 The Nature of Communities......Page 355
16.2 Niche and Habitat......Page 357
16.3 Competition Kinds of Organism Interactions......Page 359
16.4 Types of Communities......Page 365
16.5 Major Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 373
16.6 Succession......Page 377
16.7 The Impact of Human Actions on Communities......Page 381
15 Ecosystem Dynamics: The Flow of Energy and Matter......Page 334
15.1 What Is Ecology?......Page 335
15.2 Trophic Levels and Food Chains......Page 336
15.3 Energy Flow Through Ecosystems......Page 339
15.4 The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems— Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 342
15.5 Human Use of Ecosystem......Page 348
14.1 Evolutionary Patterns at the Species Level......Page 312
14.2 How New Species Originate......Page 314
14.3 The Maintenance of Reproductive Isolation Between Species......Page 316
14.4 Evolutionary Patterns Above the Species Level......Page 318
14.5 Rates of Evolution......Page 323
14.7 Human Evolution......Page 324
13 Evolution and Natural Section......Page 290
13.2 The Development of Evolutionary Thought......Page 291
13.3 The Role of Natural Selection in Evolution......Page 294
13.4 Common Misunderstandings About Natural Selection......Page 295
13.5 What Influences Natural Selection......Page 297
13.6 The Processes That Drive Selection......Page 299
13.7 Patterns of Selection......Page 302
13.8 Evolution Without Selection—Genetic Drift......Page 303
13.9 Gene-Frequency Studies and the Hardy- Weinberg Concept......Page 304
13.10 A Summary of the Causes of Evolutionary Change......Page 308
12.1 Genetics in Populations......Page 271
12.2 The Biological Species Concept......Page 272
12.3 How Genetic Diversity Comes About......Page 274
12.4 Why Genetically Distinct Populations Exist......Page 276
12.5 Genetic Diversity in Domesticated Plants and Animals......Page 278
12.6 Is It a Species or Not? The Evidence......Page 280
12.7 Human Population Genetics......Page 282
12.8 Ethics and Human Population Genetics......Page 283
19 The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Cells......Page 440
23 The Animal Kingdom......Page 530
23.1 What Is an Animal?......Page 531
23.2 The Evolution of Animals......Page 532
23.4 Body Plants......Page 533
23.5 Marine Lifestyles......Page 537
23.6 Primitive Marine Animals......Page 538
23.7 Platyhelminthes—Flatworms......Page 540
23.9 Annelida—Segmented Worms......Page 543
23.8 Nematoda—Roundworms......Page 13
23.10 Mollusca......Page 545
23.11 Arthropoda......Page 546
23.12 Echinodermata......Page 547
23.13 Chordata......Page 548
23.14 Adaptations to Terrestrial Life......Page 550
22 The Plant Kingdom......Page 506
22.2 Alternation of Generations......Page 507
22.4 Nonvascular Plants......Page 508
22.5 The Significance of Vascular Tissue......Page 511
22.6 The Development of Roots, Stems, and Leaves......Page 512
22.7 Seedless Vascular Plants......Page 515
22.8 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants......Page 517
22.9 The Growth of Woody Plants......Page 524
22.10 Plant Responses to Their Environment......Page 526
22.11 The Coevolution of Plants and Animals......Page 525
21 The Nature of Microorganisms......Page 482
21.2 The Domains Eubacteria and Archaea......Page 483
21.3 The Kingdom Protista......Page 491
21.5 The Kingdom Fungi......Page 499
20 The Classification and Evolution of Organisms......Page 460
20.1 The Classification of Organisms......Page 461
20.2 A Brief Survey of the Domains of Life......Page 467
19.1 Early Thoughts About the Origin of Life......Page 441
19.2 Current Thinking About the Origin of Life......Page 442
19.3 The “Big Bang” and the Origin of the Earth......Page 443
19.4 The Chemical Evolution of Life on Earth......Page 445
19.5 Major Evolutionary Changes in Early Cellular Life......Page 450
19.6 The Geologic Time Line and the Evolution of Life......Page 454
24 Materials Exchange in the Body......Page 560
27 Human Reproduction, Sex, and Sexuality......Page 638
27.1 Sexuality from Various Points of View......Page 639
27.3 Chromosomal Determination of Sex and Early Development......Page 642
27.4 The Sexual Maturation of Young Adults......Page 645
27.5 Spermatogenesis......Page 647
27.6 Oogenesis......Page 648
27.8 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth......Page 653
27.9 Contraception......Page 657
27.10 Termination of Pregnancy—Abortion......Page 660
27.11 Changes in Sexual Function with Age......Page 14
26 The Body’s Control Mechanisms and Immunity......Page 610
26.1 Coordination in Multicellular Animals......Page 611
26.2 Nervous System Function......Page 612
26.3 Endocrine System Function......Page 616
26.4 The Integration of Nervous and Endocrine Function......Page 619
26.5 Sensory Input......Page 621
26.6 Output Coordination......Page 625
26.7 The Body’s Defense Mechanisms—Immunity......Page 629
25.1 Living Things as Chemical Factories: Matter and Energy Manipulators......Page 584
25.2 The Kinds of Nutrients and Their Function......Page 585
25.4 The Food Guide Pyramid......Page 591
25.5 Basal Metabolic Rate, Diet, and Weight Control......Page 595
25.6 Eating Disorders......Page 599
25.7 Deficiency Diseases......Page 601
25.8 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle......Page 602
25.9 Nutrition for Fitness and Sports......Page 605
24.2 Circulation: The Cardiovascular System......Page 561
24.4 Gas Exchange: The Respiratory System......Page 567
24.5 Obtaining Nutrients: The Digestive System......Page 573
24.6 Waste Disposal: The Excretory System......Page 577
Index......Page 692
Glossary......Page 668
Credits......Page 690