Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe

CONTENTS
LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES
ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
	The objective
	Caribbean contours in an African environment
	Historic background
	The theoretical and political context
	Relevant concepts
	Local patterns of multiparty politics
	The chapters
	Research methods and sources
	INDEX
CHAPTER ONE FORMATION AND RECOLONIZATION OF AN AFRICAN CREOLE SOCIETY
	Introduction
	The formation of the creole society
	Settlement and slavery
	The sugar plantations
	External threat and economic decline
	The Catholic mission
	Institutional and political conflicts
	Slave revolts and escape
	The creolization process
	The second colonization
	The rise and fall of cocoa
	From slave to serviçal
	The recolonization of the church
	The indentured labour system
	External and internal responses to the labour system
	The forros’ aversion to field labour
	The stratification system
	Conclusions
CHAPTER TWO FROM THE ORIGINS OF FORRO NATIONALISM TO INDEPENDENCE
	Introduction
	Political activities in the early 20th century
	The Massacre of February 1953
	The causes of the massacre and the number of victims
	São Tomé’s few nationalists: exiled, dispersed and fragmented
	The decolonization process
	Conclusions
CHAPTER THREE THE SOCIALIST ONE-PARTY REGIME
	Introduction
	The construction of the socialist state
	The establishment of the security apparatus
	The administrative system and the party structure
	Social and education policies
	The foreign policy options
	The constitutional framework
	The competition for power
	Alleged coups and invasion threats
	The census riots and Trovoada’s imprisonment
	Pinto da Costa’s autocracy
	The emergence of the exile opposition
	The performance of the state-owned economy
	The plantation economy
	The structure of the state-owned plantations
	The failed diversification of the economy
	The party’s ideological trajectory
	Conclusions
CHAPTER FOUR POLITICAL TRANSITION AND ECONOMIC REFORM
	Introduction
	Initial political change
	Political instability and invasion
	The economic liberalization
	Corruption scandals
	The renovation of the state party
	The transition process
	The emergence of political parties
	The democratic elections
	Cocoa rehabilitation under structural adjustment
	Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE GOVERNANCE, CONFLICT AND PUBLIC PROPERTY UNDER THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
	Introduction
	End of a tactical alliance
	Continuous conflict and final break
	The MLSTP returns to power
	The military coup
	The background
	The course of the events
	The aftermath of the coup
	Continuous political instability
	The initial anti-corruption drive
	Increasing transparency and corruption scandals
	The importance of external funds
	The routine of corruption
	The impunity of corruption
	Factors in favour of corruption
	Conclusions
CHAPTER SIX STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE UNDER DEMOCRATIC RULE
	Introduction
	The difficult relationship with the Bretton Woods institutions
	Overambitious goals and poor performance
	Administrative reform
	The financial sector reform
	The privatization of agriculture
	Manufacture and services
	The emergence of the oil sector
	Controversial oil licensing rounds
	Unmanageable debts and inefficient foreign assistance
	Conclusions
CHAPTER SEVEN POLITICAL PLURALISM AND COMPETITIVE ELECTIONS
	Introduction
	The local elections of December 1992
	The early legislative elections of October 1994
	PCD pôs o país de pé (PCD has put the country on its feet)
	Acreditar em S. Tomé e Príncipe (Believing in São Tomé and Príncipe)
	The local patron as candidate
	Renovar a mudança (Renew the change)
	O partido que fala a verdade (The party that tells the truth)
	Voto de confiança (Vote of confidence)
	Election results
	Legislative elections in 1998 and 2002
	Multipartyism: characteristics and conditions
	Conclusions
CHAPTER EIGHT PARTY TRAJECTORIES AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
	Introduction
	The political parties: MLSTP/PSD
	The parties claiming political change: PCD-GR and ADI
	The theree small parties: CODO, FDC and AP(PTS)
	The 1996 presidential elections: the prelude
	The first round
	The voting and the aftermath
	The final ballot
	The 2001 presidential elections
	Conclusions
CHAPTER NINE  LOCAL DIMENSIONS OF POLITICS: KINSHIP, RUMOURS AND PAMPHLETS
	Introduction
	The impact of kinship
	Kinship and conjugal unions types
	The current customary union
	The visiting union
	Patterns of polygyny
	Women and mothers
	Family life in an urban neighbourhood
	Kinship and politics
	Rumours and anonymous pamphlets
	The characteristics of rumours
	Rumours and Rádio BB
	Anonymous pamphlets
	Conclusions
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX ONE PRESIDENTS AND GOVERNMENT MINISTERS OF SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE 1975–2005
APPENDIX TWO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENTS AND MAIN POLITICAL PARTIES 1960–2002
APPENDIX THREE ELECTION RESULTS
APPENDIX FOUR BASIC ECONOMIC DATA 1988–2004