Computer vision : a reference guide

Computer Vision
	Preface to the Second Edition
	Preface to the First Edition
	Contents
		Illumination and reflection
		Sensing
		Image Processing
		Iconic matching
		Recognition
		Reasoning
		Representation
		Methodologies
		Machine learning
		Graphics & Vision
	Editor\'s Biography
	Section Editors
	List of Contributors
A
	2.5D Estimation
	3D Descriptor
	3D Feature
	Action Prototype Trees
	Action Recognition
	Action Recognition in Real-World Videos
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Visual Features for Action Recognition
			Hand-Crafted Visual Features
				Holistic Features
				Local Features
			Deep Network-Based Features
				Two-Stream Convolutional Networks
				3D ConvNets (C3D)
				Inception-3D
				Multi-fiber Networks
		Action Datasets
			THUMOS-14
			UCF-Crime
			ActivityNet
			EPIC-Kitchens
			UT Egocentric
			Moments in Time
			YouTube M8
			Charades
			AVA Actions Dataset
		Action Recognition Approaches
			Supervised Action Recognition
			Weakly Supervised Action Detection
			Unsupervised Action Recognition
			Action Segmentation
			Trimmed Video Action Classification
			Untrimmed Video Classification
			Temporal Action Detection
			Spatiotemporal Action Detection
		Action Recognition Challenges
			THUMOS Challenge
			AVA Challenge
			EPIC-Kitchens Action Recognition Challenge
			Charades Activity Challenge
		Open Problems
		References
	Active Appearance Models
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Model
			Fitting Algorithm
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Active Camera Calibration
	Active Computer Vision
	Active Contours
	Active Object Recognition
	Active Perception
	Active Recognition
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Application
				Open Problems
		Conclusions
		References
	Active Sensor (Eye) Movement Control
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Low-Level Camera Motion Control Systems
			The Next-Look Problem and Motion Planning
		Application
		References
	Active Stereo Vision
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Relation to Robotics and Mapping
			Autocalibration
			Relation to Other Types of Stereo Systems
			Machine Learning
		Application
		References
	Active Vision
	Activity Analysis
	Activity Recognition
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Handcrafted-feature-based methods
			Deep-learning-based methods
		Application
		References
	AdaBoost
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			AdaBoost as Stagewise Minimization
		Applications
		References
	Adaptive Boosting
	Adaptive Gains
	Adversarial Networks
	Affine Alignment
	Affine Camera
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
	Affine Invariants
		Definition
		Background
			Affine Transformation
			Affine Invariant
			Noise
		Examples
		Applications
			Affine Invariant Feature Detection
			Normalization
			Grassmannians
			Correspondence
		References
	Affine Projection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
	Affine Registration
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			The Purely Geometrical Case
			The Continuous/Functional Case
		Application
		References
	Algebraic Curve
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Application and Theory
		References
	Algebraic Surface
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Application and Theory
			Surface Fitting
			Algebraic/Geometric Invariants
			3-D Object Registration
		References
	Analytic Reflectance Functions
	Animat Vision
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Consequences for Early Vision
			The Importance of Eye Fixations
			Theoretical Breakthroughs in Task Modeling
		Open Problems
		References
	Anisotropic Diffusion
	Aperture Ghosting
	Appearance Scanning
	Appearance-Based Human Detection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Appearance-Based Human Tracking: Traditional Approaches
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Methodologies of Appearance Models
				Features Integrated
				Representation Methods
			Acquisition and Maintenance of Appearance Models
			Tracking Control and Search
		Application
		References
	Appearance-Based Pedestrian Detection
	Articulated Hand Pose Regression
	Articulated Pose Estimation
	Aspect Graph
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Asperity Scattering
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Attribute-Based Classification
	Autoencoder
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Types of Autoencoders
				Autoencoders as architectures for nonlinear dimensionality reduction.
				Regularized autoencoders
				Denoising autoencoders
				Variational autoencoders
			Related Models
				Principal component analysis (PCA)
				Data compression
				Generative adversarial networks (GANs)
				Generative latent optimization (GLO)
		Applications
			Feature extraction
			Pretraining generator networks
			Disentangling of factors
			Data manipulation in latent space
			Unsupervised restoration and anomaly detection
		References
	Automatic Gait Recognition
	Automatic Scale Selection
	Automatic White Balance (AWB)
B
	Backscattering
	Bas-Relief Ambiguity
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Shadows and Shading
			Existence and Uniqueness
			Integrability
			Generalizations
		Application
		References
	Behavior Understanding
	Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function
	Bidirectional Texture Function and 3D Texture
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Histogram Models for 3D Texture
			Appearance-Based Representations
			Geometry-Based Representations from Computer Graphics
		Application
		References
	Binary Coding for Face Retrieval
	Binocular Stereo
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
			a) Mathematical Principle
			b) Classical Methodologies
				Photo-consistency
				Cost aggregation
				Regularization
				Optimization
				Continuous disparity estimation
				Occlusion handling
			c) Learning-Based Methodologies
				Feature extraction
				Volume construction
				Cost volume learning
				Disparity computation and refinement
		Open Problems
			Benchmarks and Datasets
				Middlebury benchmark
				KITTI 2015 benchmark
				KITTI 2012 benchmark
				ETH3D benchmark
				SceneFlow dataset
		References
	Binocular Stereo Vision
	Blackbody Radiation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		References
	Blackbody Radiator
	Blind Deconvolution
		Acronyms
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Imaging Model
			Probabilistic Formulation
			Bayesian Inference Methods
			Maximum a Posteriori and Maximum Likelihood
			Alternating Minimization or Iterated Conditional Modes
			Minimum Mean-Squared Error
			Markov Chain Monte Carlo Sampling
			Marginalizing Hidden Variables
			Deconvolution Under a Gaussian Prior (MAP)
		Application
		References
	Blur Estimation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			The Image Formation Model
			Methodology
				Hardware-based methods
				Prior-based methods
				Data driven-based methods
		Application
		References
	Blur Kernel Estimation
	Body Configuration Recovery
	Boosting
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Algorithm
			Adaboost
			Gradient boost
		Implementation: Gradient Boosted Decision Trees
		Theory: Generalization Error
		Theory: Regularization
		Boosting for Deep Learning
		References
	Boosting Algorithm
	Boundary Detection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Local Boundary Detection
		Global Boundary Detection
		Application
		References
	Boundary Extraction
	BRDF Measurement
	BRDF Models
C
	Calculus of Variations
	Calibration
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		References
	Calibration of a Non-single Viewpoint System
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Calibration of Multi-camera Setups
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Inward-Looking Cameras
			Outward-Looking Cameras
			Camera Networks
		Application
		References
	Calibration of Projective Cameras
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Calibration of Radiometric Falloff (Vignetting)
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Methods
		Application
		References
	Camera Calibration
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
	Camera Extrinsic Parameters
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
	Camera Model
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Pinhole Camera Model
		Thin and Thick Lens Camera Models
		References
	Camera Parameters (Internal, External)
	Camera Parameters (Intrinsic, Extrinsic)
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Extrinsic Parameters
			Intrinsic Parameters and Normalized Camera
			The General Form of Perspective Projection Matrix
		References
	Camera Pose
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
	Camera Response Function
	Camera Sensor
	Camera-Shake Blur
	Catadioptric Camera
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Classification
			Central Catadioptric Configurations
			Noncentral Catadioptric Cameras
		Application
		References
	Catoptrics
	Center of Projection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Pinhole Camera Model
			Caustics
			Generalized and Multi-perspective Imaging Models
			Taxonomy of Generic Imaging Models
		References
	Change Detection
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Joint Probability Method
			Gaussian Mixture Method
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Chemical Imaging
	Chromaticity
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Theory
		References
	CIE Standard Illuminant
	Clifford Algebra
	Clipping
	Cluster Sampling
	Coefficient Rule
	Cognitive Agent
	Cognitive System
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Cognitive Vision
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Color Adaptation
	Color Appearance Models
	Color Balance
	Color Constancy
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Simple Algorithms
			Uniform vs Nonuniform Illumination
			Advanced Reflectance Models
		Application
		Experimental Results and Datasets
		References
	Color Difference
	Color Discrepancy
	Color Dissimilarity
	Color Management
	Color Model
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Color Model for RGB Color Signals
			Color Model for Colorimetry
			Color Model for Uniform Color Space
			Color Model for Color Order System
		References
	Color Similarity
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Color Dissimilarity Measures
			Color Similarity Measure
		Application
		References
	Color Spaces
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Theory
			Color Spaces for Colorimetric Analysis
			Color Spaces for Editing
			A Brief Note on ``Gamma\'\'
			RGB Color Model
			CMY/CMYK Color Model
			HSL/HSV Color Model
			Other Color Spaces
		Open Problems
		References
	Color Specification Systems
	Compressed Sensing
	Compressive Sensing
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Restricted Isometry Property (RIP)
			Signal Recovery
		Hardware Implementations
		Implications for Computer Vision
			Novel Sensors
			Tailoring Vision Algorithms for Compressive Data
			Beyond Sparse Models
			Machine Learning and Signal Processing on Compressive Data
		References
	Computational Symmetry
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Basic Concepts
			Crystallographic Groups
			Frieze-Symmetry Group
			Wallpaper Symmetry Group
			Motifs of Wallpaper Patterns
		Applications
			Facial asymmetry
			Symmetry groups for periodic patterns
			Texture
			Urban scenes
			Multitarget tracking
			General symmetry group detection and image segmentation, grouping, categorization
			Biomedical applications
		Experimental Results
		References
	Computer Vision
	Computing Architectures for Machine Perception
	Concept Languages
	Concurrent Mapping and Localization (CML)
	Conditional Random Fields
	Constrained Minimization
	Constrained Optimization
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Method
			Basic Tools
			Projection Examples
			Problem Formulation and Algorithm
		Application
			Robust Principal Component Analysis
			Constrained Signal Reconstruction
		References
	Contour Detection
	Convex Minimization
	Convex Optimization
	Convolutional Dictionary Learning
	Convolutional Sparse Coding
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
			Sparse Coding
			Convolutional Sparse Coding
		Theory
			Solving Convolutional Sparse Coding Through Optimization
			Solving Convolutional Sparse Coding Through Spectral Methods
		References
	Convolutional Sparse Representations
	Cook-Torrance BRDF
	Cook-Torrance Model
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Directional Distribution
				Microfacet Distribution
					Geometric Attenuation
			Spectral Composition
				Fresnel Reflectance
				RGB Values
		Application
		References
	Coplanarity Constraint
	Corner Detection
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Cross Entropy
		Definition
		Theory
		References
	Cross-View Action Recognition
	Curvature
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		References
	Curvedness
	Curves
	Curves in Euclidean Three-Space
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Additional Problems
		References
D
	Data Augmentation
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Data Fusion
		Synonyms
		Definition
			Background
		Application
		References
	Dataset Bias
	Deblurring
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			The Image Formation Model
			Methodology
				Non-blind Deblurring
				Blind Deblurring
					Hardware-based methods
					Statistical prior-based methods
					Data driven-based methods
		Application
		References
	Deconvolution
	Deep CNN-Based Face Recognition
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
			Datasets for Face Recognition
			Face Detection
		Theory
			Crystal Loss
			A-Softmax
			Large Margin Cosine Loss
			Additive Angular Margin Loss
		Applications
			DeepID
			DeepFace
			FaceNet
			VGGFace
			All-in-One Face
			Fast and Accurate System
			ArcFace
		Open Problems
		References
	Deep Generative Models
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Generative adversarial networks
			Variational auto-encoder
			Discussions
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Deep Generator Networks
	Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning
	Deep Image Stylization
	Deep Learning Based 3D Vision
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Deep Visual Odometry/SLAM
		Deep Visual Localization
		Deep Stereo Matching
		Deep Multi-view Stereo
		Single Image Depth Estimation
		Open Problems
		References
	Deep Style Transfer
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Optimization-Based Methods
			Feed-Forward Based Methods
		Open Problems
		References
	Deep Visual Stylization
	Defocus Blur
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Representation:
		Application
		References
	Dehazing
	Dehazing and Defogging
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Problem Definition
		Possible Assumptions and Solutions
		Open Problems
		References
	Denoising
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Classes of Denoising Algorithms
		Application
		Experimental Results
		References
	Dense 3D Modeling
	Dense Reconstruction
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Direct Methods
		Indirect Approaches
		Application
		References
	Depth Distortion
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Depth Estimation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Triangulation
			Passive Correspondence Analysis
			Active Correspondence Analysis
			Coaxial Depth Estimation
			Learned Depth Estimation
		References
	Depth from Defocus
	Depth from Scattering
	Depth Imaging, Distance Estimation and Three Dimensional Estimation
	Descattering
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Methods
		References
	Description Logics: Retrospective Survey
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Detection and Localization
	Dichromatic Reflection Model
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Standard Dichromatic Reflection Model
				Model for Inhomogeneous Dielectrics (Type I)
			Extended Dichromatic Reflection Models
				Model for Cloth (Type II)
				Model for Metal (Type III)
		Application
		References
	Differential Geometry of Graph Spaces
	Differential Geometry of Surfaces in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			The Metrical Description of Surfaces
		Open Problems
		References
	Differential Invariants
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			General Properties
			A 1-D Projective Differential Invariant
			Wilczynski\'s Method
			The Canonical Method
			The Method of Determinants
			Explicit Differential Affine Invariants
			Explicit Differential Euclidean Invariants
			Projection from 3-D to 2-D
			Related Invariants
			Accurate Differentiation
		Applications
			Object Recognition by Contours
			Recognizing Surfaces
		References
	Differential Manifold
	Diffuse Reflectance
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Computational Tractability
		References
	Diffuse Shading
	Diffusely Scattered Reflectance
	Diffusion
	Diffusion Filtering
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Experiment
		References
	Diffusion PDEs
	Digital Forensics
	Digital Matting
	Digitization
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Dimension Reduction
	Dimensional Compression
	Dimensional Embedding
	Dimensionality Reduction
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		References
	Dioptrics
	Discrete AdaBoost
	Discrete Optimization
	Discriminative Random Fields
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Discriminative Random Field (DRF)
			Association Potential
			Interaction Potential
		Parameter Learning and Inference
			Maximum Likelihood Parameter Learning
				Pseudo-marginal Approximation (PMA)
				Saddle Point Approximation (SPA)
			Inference
		Application
		Experimental Results
		Extensions and Related Work
		Open Problems
		References
	Disocclusion
	Distance Estimation
	Domain Adaptation Using Dictionaries
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Domain Transfer
	Dual Differential Geometry
	Dynamic Optimization
	Dynamic Programming
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Viterbi Algorithm
			Floyd Warshall Algorithm
		References
E
	Edge Detection
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		References
	Ego Motion and EPI Analysis
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Eigenspace Methods
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Learning stage
			Recognition stage
		Application
		References
	Eight-Point Algorithm
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Ellipse Fitting
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Least Square Fitting
				Geometric Fitting
				Algebraic Fitting
			Voting Based Techniques
			Arc Finding Based Techniques
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Ellipse Matching
	EM-Algorithm
	Embedding
	Encoder-Decoder Architectures
	Energy Minimization
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Continuous Energy Minimization
			Theory and Method
				Basic Tools
				Proximal Gradient Method
				Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers
				Primal-Dual Splitting Method
			Application
				LASSO
				Total Variation Regularization
		Discrete Energy Minimization
			Theory and Method
				Graph Cut
				Min-Sum Algorithm
			Application
				α Expansion, α-β Swap
				Min-Sum in the Case Where Graph Is a Tree Structure
				Loopy Belief Propagation
				Comparison Between Graph Cut and Min-Sum Algorithm
		References
	Environment Mapping
	Epipolar Constraint
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
	Epipolar Geometry
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Working with Normalized Image Coordinates
			Working with Pixel Image Coordinates
			Working with Camera Perspective Projection Matrices
			Fundamental Matrix and Epipolar Transformation
		General Form of Epipolar Equation for Any Projection Model
			Intersecting Two Optical Rays
			The Full Perspective Projection Case
		References
	Error Concealment
	Error-Correcting Graph Matching
	Error-Tolerant Graph Matching
	Essential Matrix
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
	Euclidean Geometry
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Historical Background
		Theory and Applications
			Synthetic Euclidean Geometry
			Analytic Geometry: The Space Rn
			Euclidean Geometry and  Transformation Groups
			On the Stratum of Euclidean, Affine and Projective Geometry
			Perspective Transformations: Multiple View Geometry
			Some Other Geometries Embracing Euclidean Geometry
		References
	Event Recognition
	Evolution of Robotic Heads
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Expectation-Maximization Algorithm
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			History and Applications
		References
	Exploration: Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Observation
			Data Association
		Relocalization
			Motion Estimation
			Optimization: Filtering-Based SLAM
				Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-Based SLAM
				Rao-Blackwellized Filter (RBF)-Based SLAM
			Optimization: Keyframe-Based SLAM
			Loop Closure
			New Landmark Initialization
		Application
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Extended Gaussian Image (EGI)
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Extrinsic Parameters
F
	Face Alignment
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Applications
			Generative Methods
			Discriminative Methods
				Cascade Regression
				Convolution Neural Networks
		Open Problems
		References
	Face Classification
	Face Detection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Applications
			Detection across scales
			Cascading
			Loss functions
			Hard example mining
			Other considerations
		Benchmark Databases and Evaluation Metrics
			Benchmark databases
			Evaluation metrics
		References
	Face Identification
	Face Localization
	Face Modeling
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Face Recognition
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Method and Application
			Face Recognition with Handcrafted Features
				Feature Extraction
				Classification Methods
			Face Recognition with Deep Learning Models
				Deep Network Architectures
				Training Loss Functions
				Contrastive Loss and Triplet Loss
				Center Loss
				Cosine Distance-Based Softmax Loss
				Margin-Based Softmax Loss
				Range Loss
		Benchmark Databases
			MegaFace Challenge 1
			IARPA Janus Benchmark Dataset (IJB)
			Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT)
		References
	Face Reconstuction
	Face Verification
	Facial Attribute Recognition: A Survey
		Definition
		Background
		Related Research
			Objects
			Actions
			Pedestrians
		Theory and Application
			Attribute Recognition with Traditional Methods
			Attribute Recognition with Deep Learning
		Open Problems
			Addressing Bias
			Noisy Data
			Attributes in Video
		References
	Factorization
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Extensions
		Open Problems
		References
	Feature Reduction
	Feature Selection
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Examples
			Principal Component Analysis
			Fisher\'s Linear Discriminant Analysis
			Projection Pursuit
			Manifold Learning
		Applications
		Open Problems and Recent Trends
			Feature Learning
			Feature Selection and Differential Geometry
			Feature Sensing
		References
	Few-Shot Learning
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
			Meta-Learning Framework
			Evaluation and Benchmarks
		References
	Field of View
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Camera Models
			Fish-Eye Camera Model
			Catadioptric Camera Model
		Application
		References
	Field of Vision
	Filling In
	Fisher-Rao Metric
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Applications
		References
	Fisheye Camera
	Fisheye Lens
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Fluorescent Lighting
		Definition
		Background
		Application
		References
	Focal Length
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Focus Bracketing
	Foreground-Background Assignment
	Form Analysis
	Fresnel Conditions
	Fresnel Equations
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Fresnels Law
	Fundamental Matrix
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
G
	Gait Analysis
	Gait Biometrics
	Gait Recognition: Databases, Representations, and Applications
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Overview
			Gait Representation
				Model-Free Approaches
				Model-Based Approaches
				Scenario-Dependent Choice of Gait Representation
				Classification
		Databases
		Experimental Results
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Gamut Mapping
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Gamut Clipping
			Gamut Compression/Expansion
			Spatial Gamut Mapping Algorithms
			Memory-Color-Aware Gamut Mapping Algorithms
		Open Problems
		References
	GAN
	GANs
	Gaussian Pyramid
	Gaze Control
	Generalized Bas-Relief (GBR) Transformation
	Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Applications
			Image and video generation
			Unpaired Image Translation
			Adversarial Imitation Learning
		Open Problems
			Mode Collapse
			Evaluation Metrics
		References
	Generically Describable Situation
	Geodesic Active Contour
	Geodesics, Distance Maps, and Curve Evolution
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Interesting Measures
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Geometric Algebra
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		The Conformal Model
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Geometric Calibration
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Camera Calibration with 3D Objects
			Camera Calibration with 2D Objects: Plane-Based Technique
			Solving Camera Calibration with 1D Objects
				Two Points with Known Distance
				Three Collinear Points with Known Distances
				Four or More Collinear Points with Known Distances
			Self-calibration
		Discussions
		References
	Geometric Fusion
	Geons
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Related Work
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results: Computer Vision
		Experimental Results: Human Vision
		References
	Gesture Recognition
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
			Hand, Head, and Body Gestures
			Isolated and Continuous Gestures
			Modalities
			Processing Pipelines
			Measures of Accuracy
		Open Problems
		References
	Gradient Vector Flow
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Theoretical Solution
			Computational Solutions
			Extensions and Advances
			Properties
		Applications
		References
	GVF
H
	Hand Pose Estimation
		Synonyms
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Hand Pose Recovery
	Hand-Eye Calibration
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			1980s
			1990s
			2000s
		Application
		References
	Hashing for Face Search
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Experimental Results
			IJB-C Dataset
			Experimental Settings
			Face Search Results
		Open Problems
		References
	Hazard Detection
	Heterogeneous Parallel Computing
	High Dynamic Range Imaging
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Introduction
		History
		Capture
		Tone Management
		Quality Assessment
		Encoding, Compression, and Standards
		Discussion
		References
	High Performance Computing in Computer Vision
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		References
	High-Resolution Network
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Approach
			Architecture
			Analysis
			Advantages
		Application
		References
	Histogram
		Definition
		Theory and Applications
		References
	Human Appearance Modeling and Tracking
	Human Body Tracking
	Human Motion Classification
	Human Pose Estimation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Hyperspectral/Multispectral Imaging
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			The scanning-based methods
			The computational imaging methods
			New trends
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
I
	ICP
	Illumination Estimation, Illuminant Estimation
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Early Methods
			Shading
			Cast Shadows
			Specular Reflections
		Recent Techniques
			Object-Based Estimation
			Scene-Based Estimation
		Applications
		References
	Image Alignment
	Image Authentication
	Image Decomposition: Traditional Approaches
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Image-Based Decompositions
			Intrinsic Image Decompositions
		Application
		References
	Image Descriptors and Similarity Measures
		Definition
		Background
		Local Image Descriptors
			Early Developments and SIFT
			Invariance to Rotations and Affine Transformations
			Binary Local Descriptors
			Deep Learning Methods
		Image Descriptors
			Bags-of-Words
			VLAD
			NetVLAD
		Similarity Measures
			Ad hoc Measures
			Unsupervised Metric Learning
			Supervised Metric Learning
			Siamese Networks
		References
	Image Enhancement and Restoration: Traditional Approaches
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Image Forensics
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Application
			Physics-Based Forensics
				Shadows
				Reflections
			Sensor-Based Forensics
				Color Filter Array
				Photo Response Nonuniformity
			File-Based Forensics
				Quantization
				Markers
			Pixel-Based Forensics
				Double Compression
				Cloning
			Recent Trends
		References
	Image Fusion
	Image Inverse Problems
	Image Mosaicing
	Image Plane
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		References
	Image Pyramid
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			The Gaussian Pyramid
			The Laplacian Pyramid
		Application
		References
	Image Registration
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Features
			Cost Function
			Transformation Model
			Optimization
		Machine Learning
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Image Sensors
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Image Sensor Metrics
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Image Stitching
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Applications
		References
	Image Super-Resolution
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Basic Theory
			Example-Based Super-Resolution
			Deep Image Super-Resolution
			Datasets and Metrics
		Applications
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Image Upsampling
	Image Upscaling
	Image-Based Lighting
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Basis Functions
		Application
		References
	Image-Based Modeling
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Image-Based Rendering
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Representation
			Rendering
			Compression
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Imitation Learning
	Implicit Polynomial Curve
	Implicit Polynomial Surface
	Incident Light Measurement
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Methods
			Spherical Probes
			Hemispherical Imaging
			Color Calibration Target
		Application
		References
	Inexact Matching
	Information Fusion
	Infrared Thermal Imaging
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Setup, Components, and Quantitative Imaging
		Variety of Systems
		Applications
			Open Problems
		References
	Inherent Optical Properties
	Inpainting
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Application
			From Texture Synthesis to Patch-Based Inpainting
			The Role of Sparsity
		PDEs and Variational Approaches
			Combining and Extending PDEs and Patch Models
			Beyond Single-Image Inpainting
		Open Problems
		References
	Interactive Segmentation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Discrete Segmentation Functionals
		Continuous Segmentation Functionals
		Distance-Based Segmentation Methods
		Some Open Problems
		References
	Interface Reflection
	Interpretation of Line Drawings
	Interreflections
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Applications
			Shape from Shading and Photometric Stereo
			Color
			Structured Light
			Time-of-Flight Imaging
		References
	Intrinsic Images
		Definition
		Background
		Application
		References
	Intrinsic Parameters
	Intrinsics
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
	Invariant Methods in Computer Vision
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Examples of Factors of Variation and Associated Invariants
			Blur
			Viewpoint
			Temporal reparameterization
			Illumination
		Open Problems and Recent Trends
			Improving invariance properties
			Hybrid model- and data-driven architectures
			Disentangled latent representations
		References
	Inverse Compositional Algorithm
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background: Lucas-Kanade
		The Inverse Compositional Algorithm
		Application
		References
	Inverse Global Illumination
	Inverse Light Transport
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Inverse Rendering
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
			Inverse rendering with one unknown
			Inverse rendering with two unknowns
			Inverse rendering with all three unknowns
		Theory
			Problem Formulation
			Signal Processing Framework of Inverse Rendering
			Priors of 3D Scenes for Inverse Rendering
		Open Problems
		References
	IP camera
	Irradiance
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Isotropic Differential Geometry in Graph Spaces
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Iterative Closest Point (ICP)
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Ives Transform
K
	Kalman Filter
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Experimental Results
		References
	Kalman-Bucy Filter
	Karhunen–Loève Transform (KLT)
	Kernel Estimation
	KF
	Kinematic Chain Motion Models
	Kinematic Motion Models
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Forward Kinematics
		Application
			Kinematic Tracking
			Model Estimation
			Animation
		References
L
	Labeling
	Lambertian Model
	Lambertian Reflectance
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Extensions
		Application
			Explanations of Ambiguities
			Scene Reconstruction
			Subspace Methods
			Relighting Scenes
		References
	Lambert\'s Law
	Laplacian Pyramid
	Lasso
	Learning from a Neuroscience Perspective
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Reinforcement and Conditioning
			Neural Encoding of Sensory Stimuli and the Hebbian Theory of Learning
			Sensory Neurons as Feature Extractors
		Open Problems
			Biologically Plausible Computation and Learning
			Dendritic Learning
			From Single Neurons to Recurrent Networks and Population Representations
		References
	Learning from Demonstration
	Learning-from-Observation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Modalities in Observation
			Formalization of Target Tasks
			Open Problems
		References
	Lens Distortion Correction
	Lens Distortion, Radial Distortion
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Other Aberrations
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Lens Flare
	Lens Flare and Lens Glare
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Lie Algebra
		Related Concepts
		Definitions and Properties
		Examples
		Optimization Using Lie Algebras
			Distance Metrics
			Optimization
		Example Applications
			Averages
			Motion Averaging
			Visual Tracking and Servoing
			Interpolation
			Further Reading
		References
	Light Field
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Parameterization
			Creating/Capturing Light Fields
			Sampling
			Compression
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Light Transmission and Reflection Coefficients
	Light Transport
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Line Drawing Labeling
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		Application
		References
	Linear Programming
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Duality
		Integrality
		Algorithms
		Open Problems
		References
	Linear Shape and Appearance Models
	Linguistic Techniques for Event Recognition
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Applications
		References
	Local Invariants
	Long Short-Term Memory
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Low-Shot Learning
	LP
	LSTM
	Lumigraph
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Application
			Lumigraph Capture
			Lumigraph Organization
			Completing (Resampling) the Lumigraph
			Reconstruction and Display
			Unstructured Lumigraphs
		Open Problems
		References
M
	Machine Learning for 3D Vision
	Machine Recognition of Objects
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Application
		References
	Manifold Learning
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Examples
		Applications
		Open Problems and Recent Trends
			Understanding manifolds generated by deep neural networks
			Differential geometry and machine learning
		Experimental Results
		References
	Many-to-Many Graph Matching
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Related Work
		Experimental Results
		References
	Matte Extraction
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Blue Screen Matting
			Natural Image Matting
			Video Matting
		Application
		Experimental Results
		References
	Maximum Likelihood Estimation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Maximum Likelihood Estimator
	Mesostructure
	Methods of Image Recognition in a Low-Dimensional Eigenspace
	Micro Scale Structure
	Microgeometry
	Mirrorlike Reflection
	Mirrors
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Mobile Observers
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Problems and Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	MoCap
	Model-Based Object Recognition: Traditional Approach
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Object Models for Recognition
		Open Problems
		References
	Monocular and Binocular People Tracking
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Monocular People Tracking
		Binocular People Tracking
		Open Problems
		References
	Monte Carlo Annealing
	Morphology
	Motion Blur
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Representation
		Application
		References
	Motion Capture
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
			Classification
				Nonoptical Systems
				Optical Systems
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Motion Capturing
	Motion Deblurring
	Motion Tracking
	Multi-baseline Stereo
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Matching Scores
		Occlusion Handling
		Optimization
		Depth Resolution
		Application
		References
	Multi-camera Calibration
	Multi-camera Human Action Recognition: Traditional Approaches
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Multi-view Geometry-Based Methods
			View-Invariant Representation-Based Methods
			Exhaustive Search Methods
		Application
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Multi-camera Scene Understanding
	Multi-camera Tracking
	Multidimensional Scaling
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Metric Multidimensional Scaling
				Strain-Based Scaling (Classical Scaling)
					The Euclidean case.
					The non-Euclidean case.
					Numerical Considerations.
				Stress-Based Scaling (Distance Scaling)
					Numerical Considerations
			Nonmetric MDS
				Numerical Considerations
			Acceleration Schemes
				Subspace Methods
			Generalizations
				Variations on the Stress Theme
					Robust Classical Scaling
					Robust Distance Scaling
				Non-Euclidean Embeddings
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Multi-focus Images
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Minimizing the Capture Time
			Combining Multi-focus Images
			Depth from Defocus and Focus
			Extended Depth of Field
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Multimedia Retrieval
	Multiple Similarity Method
	Multiple View Geometry
	Multiple View Stereo
	Multiplexed Illumination
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Basic Multiplexing
			Generalized Multiplexing
		Application
		References
	Multiplexed Sensing
	Multi-resolution Representation Learning
	Multi-scale Representation Learning
	Multisensor Data Fusion
	Multiview Geometry
	Multiview Stereo
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			3D Shape Representation
			Photoconsistency
			Photoconsistency Volume Computation
			Plane Sweep Stereo and Depth Map Fusion
			Optimization Methods
			Patch-Based Multiview Stereo
			Learned MVS
			Efficiency and Parallelism
		Benchmarks
			Middlebury mview benchmark 203:203:seitz:2006
			Strecha MVS Datasets 203:203:strecha:2008
			Tanks and Temples 203:203:knapitsch2017tanks
			DTU 203:203:Jensen2014CVPR
			ETH3D 203:203:schops:2017
		Software
		References
	Multiview Stereopsis
	Multiview Stereovision
	Mutual Illumination
N
	Network Surveillance Camera
	Neural Style Transfer
	Noise Removal
	Nonlinear Diffusion
	Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction
	Normalcy Modeling
	Numerical Methods in Curve Evolution Theory
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Evolution Equations
			Geometric Heat Equation
			Level Curve Representations
			Curve Shortening as a Semilinear Diffusion Equation
			Recovering the Curve
			Stochastic Implementation
			Conclusions
		References
	Numerical Partial Differential Equations
O
	Object Detection
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Invariance
				Invariant functions and features
				Latent variables
			Detection via Classification
			Generative Models
			Discriminative Models
				Cascades
				Pose variables
				Convolutional neural networks
			Computational Methods
				Sparse features
				Cascades
				Coarse to fine
				Dynamic programming
				Convolutional neural networks
		Application
		References
	Object Extraction
	Object Models
	Object Motion Blur
	Object Parameterizations
	Object Recognition
	Object Representations
	Object Segmentation
	Obstacle Detection
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Sensors for Obstacle Detection
		Data Structures for Obstacle Detection
		Vehicle-World Interaction Models for Obstacle Detection
		Algorithms and Systems for Obstacle Detection
		Open Problems
		References
	Occam\'s Razor
	Occlusion
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Occlusions in Object Tracking
		Occlusion in Stereo and Optical Flow Estimation
		Occlusion Reasoning and Scene Understanding
		References
	Occlusion Boundaries from Motion
	Occlusion Boundaries from Stereo Matching
	Occlusion Detection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Single Image
			Multiple Images
				Detecting Occlusion Areas via Pixel Matching
				Detecting Occlusion Boundaries via Flow Cues
				Detecting Occlusions During Object Tracking
		Application
		References
	Occlusion Handling
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Occlusion Handling in Pixel Matching
			Occlusion Handling in Object Tracking
		References
	ODS
	Omnidirectional Camera
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Central Omnidirectional Cameras
			Omnidirectional Camera Model and Calibration
			Unified Model for Central Catadioptric Cameras
			Unified Model for Catadioptric and Fisheye Cameras
			Omnidirectional Camera Calibration
		Application
		References
	Omnidirectional Stereo
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Omnidirectional Vision
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Omnistereo
	Opacity
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Mechanisms
				Absorption
				(a) atomic and molecular absorption
				(b) absorption in solids
				Scattering
				Reflection
				Summary
				Further Reading
			Modeling
				Attenuation
				Scattering
			Refraction
		Application
			Alpha Matting
			Tomography
		References
	Opaque
	Optic Flow
	Optical Axis
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Optical Center
	Optical Flow: Traditional Approaches
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Optical Flow Estimation
		Application
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Optimal Estimation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Maximum Likelihood with Implicit Constraints
			Linear Reparameterization
			Algebraic Methods
		References
	Optimal Parameter Estimation
	Oren-Nayar Reflectance Model
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Osculating Paraboloids
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open problem
		References
	Osculating Quadric
	Out of Focus Blur
P
	Panoramic Camera
	Panoramic Image Generation
	Panoramic Stitching
	Pan-Tilt Camera
	Pan-Tilt Camera Calibration
	Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) Camera
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			PTZ Camera Model
			Rotating and Zooming Cameras
			Radial Distortion Correction
			PTZ Camera Calibration
			PTZ Camera Control
		Application
			Capturing High-Resolution Images of Humans
			Detection and Tracking
			PTZ Closed-Loop Calibration
			PTZ Cameras for Sports Video Analysis
		References
	Pan-Tilt-Zoom Camera Calibration
	Parametric Curve
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Application
		References
	Parametric Surface
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Application
		References
	Partial Differential Equations
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Application
			Diffusion
			Geodesics
			Variational Methods
			Active Contours
			Level Sets
		References
	Partitioning
	PDE
	Penumbra and Umbra
		Synonyms
		Definition
		References
	Performance Capture
	Person Following
	Person Re-identification
	Person Re-identification: Current Approaches and Future Challenges
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Main Text
		Optimal Subset Selection for Labeling
			On-Boarding New Cameras Through Transfer Learning
		Open Problems
			Knowledge Transfer Across Networks
			Learning in Mobile Camera Networks
		References
	Perspective Camera
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Perspective Projection Matrix
		References
	Perspective Projection
	Perspective Transformation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
	Phong Model
	Phong Reflectance Model
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Photo-Consistency
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Examples
			Advanced Photo-Consistency Functions
			Visibility Estimation
		References
	Photogrammetry
		Definition
		Background
			Methods
			Relation to Computer Vision
			Recent Developments in Sensor Technology
		Application
		References
	Photometric Consistency Function
	Photometric Invariants
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Photometric Stereo
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Integrability
			Simultaneous Recovery of Shape and Light
			Photometric Stereo with General Lighting
		Application
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Photon, Poisson Noise
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Picture Understanding
	Piecewise Polynomial
	Pinhole Camera
	Pinhole Camera Model
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Planckian Locus
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		References
	Plane Sweeping
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Plenoptic Function
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Representation
			Plenoptic Cameras
			Sampling and Compression
			Multiview Displays
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Point Spread Function Estimation
	Polarization
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Plane Wave Versus Photon Representation
			Linear Polarization
			Circular and Elliptical Polarization
			Partial Linear Polarization
			Alternative Representation
				Stokes Vectors
				Jones Vectors
			Polarized Light in Nature
				Reflection
				Scattering
		Application
		References
	Polarization Filter
	Polarized Light in Computer Vision
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Polarization and Specularities
			Polarization Imaging
			Polarization and Reflection in Images
			Outdoor Polarization Imaging
		Application
		References
	Polarizer
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Polarizing Film
	Principal Axis
	Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Principal Distance
	Probabilistic Hill Climbing
	Programming by Demonstration
	Projection
		Related Concepts
		Definition
	Projection Matrix
	Projection Transformation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
	Projective Calibration
	Projective Reconstruction
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
			Homogeneous Coordinates
			Ambiguity
			The Projective Reconstruction Theorem
		Theory and Applications
			Two View Reconstruction
			Computing the Fundamental Matrix
				Projective Reconstruction Theorem
				Extraction of Camera Matrices
				Notes
				Complete Projective Reconstruction Algorithm
				The Normalized Eight-Point Algorithm
		Three View Reconstruction
			Minimal Configurations
		Factorization Algorithms
			Variants of the Method
		Bundle Adjustment
			Robust Cost Functions
			Sparse Methods
		Euclidean Update
		References
	Projective Structure and Motion
	Prototype-Based Methods for Human Movement Modeling
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Prototype Tree-Based Method
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	PSF Estimation
	PTZ Camera Calibration
	Pulling a Matte
	Purposive Vision
R
	Radiance
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Radiometric Calibration
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problem
		References
	Radiometric Response Function
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Representation
		Application
		References
	Rao Metric
	Rationale for Computational Vision
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Open Problems
		References
	Recognition-by-Components (RBC) Theory
	Recovery of Reflectance Properties
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Representations
		Acquisition
			Gonioreflectometers
			Camera-Based Systems
		A Note on Bidirectional Texture Functions
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Recurrent Neural Network
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Model Formulation of Recurrent Neural Network
			Backpropagation Through Time
			Generative Mechanism and Decoding
			Sequence-to-Sequence Modeling
			Advanced Techniques
		Application
			Machine Translation
			Image and Video Captioning
		Open Problems
		References
	Recurrently Connected Neural Network
	Reference Plane
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Reflectance Field
	Reflectance Map
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
			Determining the Reflectance Map
		Open Problems
		References
	Reflectance Models
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Lambertian Reflectance
			Phong and Blinn-Phong BRDFs
			Lafortune BRDF
			Ward BRDF
			Microfacet BRDFs
			More Complex Analytic BRDFs
		References
	Reflection Mapping
	Reflectometry
	Regularization
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Reinforcement Learning
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Relation Between Objects and Their Digital Images
	Relief Texture
	Retina
	Retinex Algorithm
	Retinex Theory
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Retroreflection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Ridge Regression
	Riemannian Manifold
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Relevance to Computer Vision
		Mathematical Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Rigid Alignment
	Rigid Localization
	Rigid Matching
	Rigid Positioning
	Rigid Registration
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Problem Statement
		Theory
			Iteratively Re-weighted Least-Squares-Based ICP (IRLS-ICP)
			Point-to-Plane ICP (PtP-ICP)
			Symmetric Point-to-Plane ICP (SPtP-ICP)
			Deep Closest Point (DCP) Algorithm
		Application
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Rigid Transformation Estimation
	RNN
	Robot-Camera Calibration
	Robust Clustering
	Robust Estimation Techniques
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
			Nonparametric Estimation
			Regression Estimation
		Important Regression Methods
			Hough Transform
			M-Estimator
			RANSAC
			Beyond RANSAC
			MISRE
		Open Problems
		References
	Robust Regression
S
	Saturation (Imaging)
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Scale Selection
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Scale Selection from γ-Normalized Derivatives
			Relation to Frequency Estimation
			Relations to Image Statistics
			Scale-Space Signatures
			General Framework for Defining Scale-Invariant Image Descriptors
			Scale-Space Extrema
			Discrete Implementation
			Alternative Approaches to Scale Selection
			Relations Between the Different Approaches to Scale Selection
		Application
			Interest Point Detectors with Built-In Scale Selection
			Blob Detection
			Corner Detection
			Edge Detection
			Ridge and Valley Detection
			Feature Tracking
			Image-Based Matching and Recognition
		References
	Scale-Invariant Image Features and Image Descriptors
	Scene Categorization
	Scene Classification
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Scene Recognition
	Scene/Image Parsing
	Schott Noise
	Second Order Approximation
	Segmentation
	Semantic Image Segmentation: Traditional Approach
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Features Used for Pixel/Super-Pixel Classification
			Incorporating Context
			Datasets
		Application
		References
	Semiautomatic
	Semidefinite Optimization
	Semidefinite Programming
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Sensor Fusion
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Shadow
	Shape from Focus and Defocus
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Model-based Approach
			Learning-based Approach
		Applications
		Open Problems
		References
	Shape from Interreflections
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Applications
		References
	Shape from Outlines of Projection
	Shape from Scatter
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Shape from Shading
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Image-irradiance equation and reflectance map
			Integrability and smoothness constraint
			Classical solution methods
		Application
		References
	Shape from Shadows
		Definition
		Background
			Shadow Identification
			Shadow Correspondence Problem
		Open Problems
		References
	Shape from Silhouette
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		References
	Shape from Specular Reflections
	Shape from Specularities
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Shiftable Windows for Stereo
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Experimental Results
		Refrences
	Shock Graph
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Shock Graph-Based Object Categorization
			Indexing Shock Graphs
			Matching Shock Graphs
		Experimental Results
		Open Problems
		References
	Shot Noise
	Simplified Active Calibration
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Rotation Formulation
			Camera Model
			Simplified Active Calibration Algorithm
		Application
		References
	Simulated Annealing
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Experimental Results
		References
	Single Viewpoint
	Singular Value Decomposition
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Pseudoinverse
		Subspace Fitting
		Matrix Product Representation
		Application
		References
	Situation Graph Trees
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Representation
		Application
		References
	Situation Scheme
	Solid Texture
	Space Curves
	Sparse Coding
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Sparse Representation
	Spatially Shiftable Windows
	SPDE
	Specular Highlight
	Specularity, Specular Reflectance
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Spherical Camera
	Splines
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
			Bézier Spline
			B-Spline
			Nonuniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS)
			Spline Surface
			Thin-Plate Spline (TPS)
		Background
		Application and Theory
		References
	Standard Illuminants
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Statistical Cooling
	Statistical Independence
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Statistical Shape Analysis
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
			Active Shape Models (ASM)
			Kendall\'s Shape Analysis (KSA)
			Issue of Landmark Selection
		Theory
			Basic Challenge
			Mathematical Representation
			Elastic Riemannian Metric
			Shape Comparison and Geodesics
			Mean Shape
			Shape Covariance and Principal Modes of Variation
			Probabilistic Shape Models
		Elastic Shape Analysis of Surfaces
		Open Problems
		References
	Stereo Matching
	Stochastic Differential Equations in Infinite Dimensions
	Stochastic Partial Differential Equations
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Stochastic Relaxation
	Structure-from-Motion (SfM)
	Subpixel Estimation
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Subspace Methods
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Subspace Method
			Process Flow of the SM
			Mutual Subspace Method
			Constrained Mutual Subspace Method
		Application
		References
	Superresolution
	Super-Resolution
	Surface Corrugations
	Surface Orientation Histogram (Discrete Version of EGI)
	Surface Reconstruction
	Surface Roughness
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Surface Scattering
	Surface Undulations
	Surfaces
	SW Cut
	Swendsen-Wang Algorithm
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Swendsen-Wang Cut Algorithm
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Symmetry Detection
	Symmetry-Based X
T
	Terminological Logics
	Texture Classification
		Synonyms
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			BoW-based Texture Representation
			DCNN-based Texture Representation
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Texture Generation
	Texture Recognition
	Texture Synthesis
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Thermal Radiator
	Thermography
	Three Dimensional Estimation
	Three Dimensional Face Modeling
	Three Dimensional Reconstruction
	Three-Dimensional Modeling from Images
	Three Dimensional Shape Descriptor
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open problems
		References
	Three-Dimensional View Integration
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
			3D Data Acquisition and View Integration
			View Registration in the Context of View Integration
			3D View Integration
				Surface-Based View Integration
			Volume-Based View Integration
				Signed Distance Fields
				Vector Fields
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Total Variation
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Tracker-Camera Calibration
	Transfer Learning
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Inductive Transfer Learning
			Transductive Transfer Learning
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Transparency
	Transparency and Translucency
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Physical Models
			The Inverse Problem
				Going beyond junctions
		Application
			Physical versus perceptual models
		References
	Transparent Layers
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Transportation Problem
	Triangulation
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Triangulation from Linear Estimation
			Triangulation from Geometric Error Minimization
		References
	Trichromatic Theory
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Two Dimensional Conditional Random Fields
U
	Uncalibrated Camera
		Synonyms
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Theory
			3D Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Cameras
			View Transfer from Uncalibrated Cameras
		References
	Underwater Effects
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs)
			Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs)
		Remote Sensing
		Open Problems: Remote Sensing
		Open Problems: Polarization
		Experimental Results in Imaging
		References
	Underwater Light Field
	Underwater Radiative Transfer Processes
	Unknown Camera
	Unsupervised Visual Domain Adaptation Using Generative Adversarial Networks
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Learning the Generator Network
				Content loss:
				Style transfer:
			Learning the Task Network
		Application
		Open Problems
			Adaptation on other vision tasks:
			Continual domain adaptation:
			Reinforcement learning applications
		References
	User-Assisted
	User-Guided
V
	Variable Selection
	Variational Analysis
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Variational Method
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		References
	Variational Methods
	Veiling Glare
	Velvety Reflectance
	Vergence
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Other Properties
			Accommodation
			Vergence and Accommodation in the Context of 3D Displays
			Vergence and 3D Eye Rotations
		References
	Video Alignment and Stitching
	Video Anomaly Detection for Smart Surveillance
		Definition
		Background
		Representative Approaches
			Unsupervised Methods
				Classic Machine Learning
				Deep Learning
			Weakly Supervised Methods
			Supervised Methods
		Datasets
			UCSD
			Subway
			Avenue
			UMN
			DAD
			CADP
			Iowa DOT Traffic
			ShanghaiTech
			UCF Crime
			Street Scene
		Benchmarks
		Video Anomaly Detection Conference Workshop
		Open Problems
		References
	Video Mosaicing
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory and Application
		Open Problems
		Experimental Results
		References
	Video Mosaicking
	Video Retrieval
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Video Search
	Video-Based Face Recognition
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Face Detection and Alignment
			Feature Extraction
			Face Association
			Set/Sequence-Based Face Matching
		Open Problems
		References
	View and Rate-Invariant Human Action Recognition
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		View Invariance
		Geometry-Inspired Approaches
		Image-Based Approaches
		Rate Invariance
		Motivation
		Rate Invariance in Gait Recognition
		Decoupling Feature Variability from Rate Variability
		Dynamic Time Warping
		Open Problems
		References
	View-Invariant Action Classification
	View-Invariant Action Recognition
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		View-Invariance in Human Actions
			Motion Trajectories
				View-Invariance
				Limitations
			Tracking Joints
			Spatiotemporal Volume
			Learning-Based Methods
				Multitask learning
		Datasets and Experimental Results
			IXMAS
			UWA3D Multiview Activity II
			Northwestern-UCLA
			NTU RGB-D
		Conclusion and Open Problems
		References
	View-Invariant Activity Recognition
	Vignetting
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Vignetting Estimation
	Viscosity Solution
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Application
		References
	Visibility Enhancement in Bad Weather
	Vision-Based Control
	Visual Cognition
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Visual Cortex Models for Object Recognition
		Definition
		Background
		Computer Vision and the Visual Cortex: Fundamental Differences
			Why Hierarchies
			Feed Forward vs. Back Projections
		Discussion: Future
		Closing the Performance Gap
		A Greater Challenge: Vision and Evolution
		References
	Visual Feedback
	Visual Hull
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Definition
			Properties
			Algorithms
		Application
		References
	Visual inference
	Visual Patterns
	Visual Potential Graph
	Visual Servoing
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Related concepts
		Background
		Theory
			The Features Jacobian
			The Interaction Matrix
			Control
		Application
		Open Problems
		References
	Visual SLAM
	Visualized Locus Method
	Volumetric Texture
	von Kries Hypothesis
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	von Kries-Ives Adaptation
W
	Weak Calibration
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Theory
			Weak Calibration of Two Cameras
			Weak Calibration of Three Cameras
			Weak Calibration of M Cameras
		References
	Weak Perspective Projection
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Affine Cameras
		References
	White Balance
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Open Problems
		References
	Wide Baseline Matching
		Synonyms
		Related Concepts
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
		Experimental Results
		References
	Wide Dynamic Range Imaging
	Wide Field of View Stereo Matching
	Wide-Angle Camera
Z
	Zero-Shot Learning
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Background
		Theory
			Zero-Shot Learning Based On Semantic Representations
			Zero-Shot Learning Based on Similarity Learning
		Open Problems
		References
List of Topics