Computer Programming with C++

Cover
Computer Programming with C++
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
	About the Book
	Salient Features
	Chapter Organization
Acknowledgements
PART-I: Structured Programming
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview
		1.2 Computer System Architecture
			1.2.1 Input to the system
			1.2.2 Translation
			1.2.3 Processing unit
			1.2.4 Storage unit
		1.3 C/C++ Development Environment
			1.3.1 Editor
			1.3.2 Pre-processor
			1.3.3 Compiler
			1.3.4 Linker
			1.3.5 Loader
		1.4 Evolution of Programming Languages
			1.4.1 Structured programming (supported by both C and C++)
			1.4.2 Object-oriented programming (only in C++)
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 2 Fundamentals
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 The First C/C++ Program
		2.3 Writing Comments
		2.4 Constants or Literals
			2.4.1 Integer constants
			2.4.2 Real constants
			2.4.3 Character constants
			2.4.4 String constants
		2.5 Variables and Data Types
			2.5.1 Evaluating the range of data types
			2.5.2 Declaration of variables
			2.5.3 Initialization of variables
			2.5.4 unsigned keyword
			2.5.5 Rules for naming variables
		2.6 printf () Statement (Supported by both C and C++)
			2.6.1 Formatting the message using escape sequences
			2.6.2 Format specifiers supported by C/C++
			2.6.3 Format specifiers specific to floating point numbers
			2.6.4 Specifying width and precision of output with printf () statement
		2.7 C++ Style of Printing the Value on Computer Screen
		2.8 endl Modifier (Supported by C++ not by C)
		2.9 Accepting User Input Using scanf () Function (Supported by both C and C++)
			2.9.1 Delimited input using scanf()
			2.9.2 Specifying width of input data
		2.10 cin Object in C++ (Only in C++ not in C)
			2.10.1 Example using cin/cout statements in a program to perform addition of two numbers
		2.11 Manipulator setw
		2.12 Defining Constants using #define—A Pre-processor Directive
			2.12.1 NULL—a built-in macro
		2.13 Character Specific Input/Output
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 3 Operators and Type Casting
		3.1 Overview
			3.1.1 Option 1: Perform addition before multiplication (wrong option)
			3.1.2 Option 2: Perform multiplication before addition (correct option)
		3.2 Arithmetic Operators
			3.2.1 Example 1: Using the operator – (minus) in an unary form
			3.2.2 Example 2: Using the operators +, –, *, /and % in binary form
			3.2.3 Program to evaluate the area of a triangle: An example
			3.2.4 Program to calculate the slope of the line: An example
			3.2.5 Understanding the precedence of arithmetic operators: An example
		3.3 Relational Operators
		3.4 Shorthand Operators
		3.5 Bitwise Operators in C/C++
			3.5.1 Bitwise AND Operation (&)
			3.5.2 Bitwise OR Operation (¦)
			3.5.3 Bitwise Ex-OR Operation (^)
			3.5.4 One’s complement operator (~)
			3.5.5 Left shift operator (<<)
			3.5.6 Right shift operation (>>)
		3.6 Increment/Decrement Operators
			3.6.1 Increment operator in a prefix form
			3.6.2 Increment operator in a postfix form
			3.6.3 Evaluating the output: An example
		3.7 Order of Operations Evaluated by the printf () Statement
		3.8 Implicit Type Casting/System Casting
		3.9 Explicit Type Casting
			3.9.1 A program to find the average of 5 numbers: An example
		3.10 sizeof Operator in C/C++
		3.11 Scope Resolution Operator(::) | Only in C++ not in C
			3.11.1 Creating blocks to define scope of variables
		Quiz
		Error Finding Exercise
		Review Questions
	Chapter 4 Decision Making Control Statements
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 if else Statement
			4.2.1 Program to check if the number is even or odd: An example
			4.2.2 Program to find the maximum value of the two numbers: An example
			4.2.3 Program to calculate gross salary: An example
			4.2.4 Program to find the maximum value of the three numbers: An example
		4.3 Logical Operators
			4.3.1 Logical AND operation
			4.3.2 Logical OR operation
			4.3.3 Logical NOT operation
		4.4 else if Ladder
			4.4.1 Program to derive the type of policy based on the value of premium: An  example
			4.4.2 Program to determine the type of character – An Example
		4.5 switch Statement
		4.6 Ternary Operator/Conditional Operator
		4.7 goto Statement
		Quiz
		Error Finding Exercise
		Review Questions
	Chapter 5 Iterative Control Statements: Loops
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 while Loop in C/C++
			5.2.1 Printing a message inside while loop: An example
				5.2.1.1 Execution of the code
			5.2.2 Printing even numbers using while loop: An example
				5.2.2.1 Execution of the loop
			5.2.3 Calculating factorial using while loop: An example
			5.2.4 Evaluating the sum of digits using while loop: An example
			5.2.5 Generating the Fibonacci series using while loop: An example
		5.3 for Loop in C/C++
			5.3.1 Program to compute the series 12+22+32+42+...x2 using for loop: An example
			5.3.2 Calculating the series 1/2!+1/4!+1/6!+1/8!...1/n! using for loop: An example
			5.3.3 Printing a up-headed triangle: An example
			5.3.4 Printing an down-headed triangle: An example
			5.3.5 Printing a symmetric pattern: An example
		5.4 do..while Loop
		5.5 break and continue Statements
			5.5.1 To check if the number is prime or not: An example
		5.6 Infinite Loops
		5.7 Comma Operator with for Loop
		5.8 Creating Variables Local to Loops (Possible in C++ but not in C)
		5.9 Empty Loops
		Error Finding Exercise
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 6 Arrays
		6.1 Overview
		6.2 Creating an Array
			6.2.1 Initializing an array at the time of creation
			6.2.2 Specifying size of an array
			6.2.3 To find sum and average on n numbers: An example
			6.2.4 Program to find minimum value in the array: An example
			6.2.5 Program to arrange n numbers in ascending order: An example
		6.3 Array of Characters
			6.3.1 Calculating length of a string: An example
			6.3.2 Program to compute reverse of a string: An example
			6.3.3 Program to check if the string is palindrome or not: An example
		6.4 2D Arrays
			6.4.1 Addition of two matrices: An example
			6.4.2 Program to perform multiplication of matrix: An example
		6.5 2D Array of Characters
			6.5.1 Program to print the number in words: An example
		6.6 String-Specific Input and Output Operations: gets () /puts ()
		Error Finding Exercises
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 7 Functions
		7.1 Overview
		7.2 Creating Functions
		7.3 Local Variables of the Function
		7.4 Functions with Arguments
		7.5 Functions with Return Values
			7.5.1 Program to find the maximum of six numbers using the function with two arguments: An example
		7.6 Passing Array as an Argument to the Function
			7.6.1 Arrange n numbers in descending order using functions: An example
		7.7 Recursion
			7.7.1 Calculating xy using recursion: An example
			7.7.2 Calculating factorial using recursion: An example
		7.8 Activation frames: How Function Calls and Returns are Internally Handled in C/C++
		7.9 Storage Classes in C/C++
			7.9.1 auto storage class
			7.9.2 register storage class
			7.9.3 static storage class
			7.9.4 extern storage class
		7.10 Inline Functions in C/C++
		7.11 Function with Default Arguments (Only in C++ not in C)
		7.12 Command Line Arguments
			7.12.1 Program to perform addition of values passed through command line: An example
		7.13 Some Built-in Functions
		Quiz
		Error Finding Exercises
		Review Questions
	Chapter 8 Pointers
		8.1 Overview
			8.1.1 Segmentation of RAM
				8.1.1.1 Data segment
				8.1.1.2 Code segment
				8.1.1.3 Stack segment
			8.1.2 Storage of variables in RAM
		8.2 Creating Pointers
		8.3 Data Type of Pointers
		8.4 Types of Function Calls
			8.4.1 Call by value
			8.4.2 Call by address
			8.4.3 To swap the values of two variables by using call by address: An example
		8.5 Arithmetic Operations with Pointers
			8.5.1 Keyword const with pointers
			8.5.2 Constant pointer
			8.5.3 Pointer that points to a constant data value
			8.5.4 Constant pointer that points to a constant value
		8.6 Accessing Array Elements using a Pointer
			8.6.1 Program to arrange n-numbers in ascending order using pointers: An example
			8.6.2 Program to check if the string is palindrome or not using pointers: An  example
		8.7 Initialization of an Array: Revisited
			8.7.1 Making re-initializations work with pointers
		8.8 Self-addressability of Character Variables
		8.9 Array of Pointers
			8.9.1 Creating array of strings using 1-D array of character pointers
		8.10 Pointer to a Pointer
		8.11 Pointers and 2D Arrays
			8.11.1 Program to perform addition of 2 matrices using pointers: An example
		8.12 void Pointers
		8.13 Pointer to a Function
		8.14 Reference Variables (Only Available in C++ not in C)
			8.14.1 Call by reference
		8.15 Lvalue and Rvalue
			8.15.1 Creating Lvalue’d function using reference variables (Possible only in C++ and not in C)
		Error Finding Exercise
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 9 Structures and Unions
		9.1 Overview
		9.2 Creating Structures
			9.2.1 Program to store the information about books in the computer memory: An example
		9.3 Array of Structure Objects
			9.3.1 Program to arrange n-books in ascending order of price: An example
		9.4 Nesting of Structures
		9.5 Structures and Pointers
		9.6 Accessing Array of Objects using a Pointer
		9.7 Passing Object as an Argument to a Function
		9.8 Difference between Structure and Union
		Error Finding Exercise
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 10 Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++
		10.1 Overview
		10.2 Dynamic Memory Management in C++
			10.2.1 Allocating dynamic memory for primitive types
			10.2.2 Allocating dynamic memory for array types
			10.2.3 C++ program to arrange n-numbers in ascending order with dynamic memory allocation to store data elements: An example
			10.2.4 Allocating dynamic memory for object types
		10.3 Linked List
			10.3.1 Structure of a node in a linked list
			10.3.2 Creating a first node in a linked list
			10.3.3 Creation of subsequent nodes in a linked list
			10.3.4 Traversing a linked list
			10.3.5 Searching an element in a linked list
			10.3.6 Deleting an element from the linked list
			10.3.7 Creation and manipulation of the linked list
		10.4 delete Keyword in C++
		Error Finding Exercise
		Quiz
		Review Questions
PART-II: Object Oriented Programming
	Chapter 11 Classes and Objects
		11.1 Overview
		11.2 Creating Classes
		11.3 Creating Objects of a Class
		11.4 Access Specifiers in C++
			11.4.1 private access
			11.4.2 public access
		11.5 Data Hiding and Encapsulation
		11.6 Employee Management System: An Example
		11.7 Account Management System: An Example
		11.8 Calculating Slope of the Line: An Example
		11.9 Addition of Complex Numbers: An Example
		11.10 Addition of Points in Cartesian Coordinate System: An Example
		11.11 Array of Objects
		11.12 Employee Management System: Revisited
		11.13 friend Functions
		11.14 Addition of Point Objects using friend Function: An Example
			11.14.1 friend class
		11.15 Pointer to Objects
		11.16 Binding of Pointers with Individual Members of the Class
			Step 1: Declare a pointer to a member of a class
			Step 2: Bind the pointer to a specific member of a class
			Step 3: Access the member using object of class and a bindable pointer
		11.17 this Pointer
		11.18 Resolving Ambiguity using this Pointer
		11.19 Cloning Objects using this Pointer: An Example
		11.20 Dynamic Memory Allocation of Objects
		11.21 Linked List to Maintain Data about Employees
		11.22 Composition and Aggregation between Classes
		11.23 Converting the Relationship to Aggregation
		11.24 Defining the Member Functions Outside Class using Scope Resolution Operator
		11.25 Function Overloading and Compile Time Binding
		11.26 Local Classes
		11.27 Nested Classes
		Error Finding Exercise
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 12 Constructors and Destructors
		12.1 Overview
		12.2 Creating Constructors
		12.3 Constructor Overloading
		12.4 Program to Perform Addition of Point Objects using Constructors: An Example
		12.5 Constructor with Default Arguments
		12.6 Cloning Objects using Constructor/Copy Constructor
		12.7 Allocating Dynamic Memory Inside Constructor
		12.8 Destructors in C++
		12.9 Static Members and Static Member Functions
		Error Finding Exercise
		Quiz
		Review Questions
	Chapter 13 Operator Overloading
		13.1 Overview
		13.2 Overloading Operators
		13.3 Overloading One’s Complement ~ and Minus - Operators: An Example
		13.4 Overloading Binary Operators Plus + and Minus -
		13.5 Overloading Shorthand Operators: An Example
		13.6 Overloading Relational Operators: An Example
		13.7 Overloading Increment/Decrement Operators: An Example
		13.8 Function Object: Overloading Function Call Operator ()
		13.9 Overloading Subscript Operator []
		13.10 Overloading Assignment Operator =
		13.11 Overloading Type Cast Operator
		13.12 Conversion of One User-defined Type to Another
		13.13 Creating Global Operator Functions
		13.14 Overloading Insertion and Extraction Operator for Student Objects: An Example
		13.15 Overloading Operators new and delete
		13.16 Overloading operator ->
		Points to Remember when Overloading an Operator
		Quiz
		Error Finding Exercise
		Review Questions
	Chapter 14 Inheritance
		14.1 Overview
		14.2 Creating a Parent–Child Relationship between Classes
		14.3 Access Specifiers in C++: Revisited
			Private access
			Public access
			Protected access
		14.4 Types of Inheritance
			14.4.1 Single level inheritance
			14.4.2 Hierarchical inheritance
			14.4.3 Multi-level inheritance
			14.4.4 Multiple inheritance
			14.4.5 Hybrid inheritance
		14.5 IS-A and HAS-A Relationship: An Example
		14.6 Multi-level Inheritance: Calculator
		14.7 Resolving Ambiguity in Multiple Inheritance
		14.8 Virtual Base Class
		14.9 Function Overriding
		14.10 Pointers and Inheritance
		14.11 Overriding a Function with Different Return Type
		14.12 Virtual Functions and Runtime Polymorphism
		14.13 Virtual Tables
			14.13.1 Virtual tables: A quick review
			14.13.2 Virtual inheritance: Revisited
		14.14 Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes
		14.15 static_cast and dynamic_cast
		14.16 Constructors and Inheritance
		14.17 Working of Constructors with Multiple Inheritance
		14.18 Destructors and Inheritance
		14.19 Virtual Destructors
		Quiz
		Error Finding Exercise
		Review Questions
	Chapter 15 Input and Output Streams in C++
		15.1 Overview
		15.2 Types of I/O Streams
			Console I/O stream
			File I/O stream
		15.3 Console Input and Output in C++
		15.4 Formatted v/s Unformatted I/O Operations
			Formatted I/O
			Unformatted I/O
		15.5 Formatting the Output using Member Functions of Class ios
		15.6 Formatted I/O using ios Flags
			15.6.1 To get the output in octal number system: An Example
			15.6.2 To produce left justified output: An Example
			15.6.3 To display the + sign at the output for positive numbers: An Example
			15.6.4 To display trailing zeroes and decimal point in a floating point number  : An Example
			15.6.5 To display base of the number system in the output: An Example
			15.6.6 Resetting flags
		15.7 Formatted I/O using Manipulators
		15.8 Creating your Own Manipulator
		15.9 Passing Arguments to the Custom Manipulator
		15.10 Character by Character Unformatted I/O Operations
			15.10.1 get () function
			15.10.2 put () function
		15.11 Line by Line Unformatted I/O Operations
			15.11.1 getline() function
			15.11.2 write() function
		15.12 File I/O Operations
		15.13 Performing Operations on File
			15.13.1 Opening the file
			15.13.2 Functions to perform read/write operations with files
				Operation type 1: Formatted I/O using extraction and insertion operator
				Operation type 2: Character by character unformatted I/O operations with files
				Operation type 3: Binary mode I/O operations with files
		15.14 Closing the File
		15.15 File Pointer Manipulation Functions
		Review Questions
	Chapter 16 Templates in C++
		16.1 Overview
		16.2 Function Templates
		16.3 Class Templates
		16.4 Standard Template Library: One of the Applications of Class Templates
			Built-in collections in C++
			16.4.1 Linked list
				Create and traverse a list
				Direction of pushing and popping elements to/from list
				Forward and reverse traversal
				Insertion, deletion and size of the list
				Defining custom logic for comparison
			16.4.2 Difference between vector and linked list
			16.4.3 Map
		16.5 Implementation of Stack using Linked List: An Example
		16.6 Queue using List
		Error Finding Exercise
		Review Questions
	Chapter 17 Exception Handling in C++
		17.1 Overview
		17.2 Exception Handler in C++
		17.3 throw Keyword
		17.4 Examples
			17.4.1 Array index out of bounds exception: An example
			17.4.2 NULL pointer exception: An example
			17.4.3 Arithmetic exception: An example
			17.4.4 Multiple exceptions: An example
		17.5 Order of writing Catch Blocks
		17.6 Catching and Throwing User-defined Objects
		17.7 Program Specifying Throw List
		17.8 C++ Built-in Exception Classes
		Error Finding Exercise
		Quiz
		Review Questions
Appendix I ASCII Values
Appendix II List of Keywords in C++
Appendix III Software Development Life  Cycle
Bibliography