Computer Facial Animation Second Edition

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 16
1.1 About This Book......Page 17
1.2 A Brief Historical Sketch of Facial Animation......Page 18
1.3 Application Areas......Page 21
1.4 The Believability Flip and the Uncanny Valley......Page 27
1.5 A Turing Test for Faces?......Page 28
1.6 Relationship to Conventional Animation......Page 30
2.1 Charles Darwin's Investigations......Page 36
2.2 ExpressionCoding Systems......Page 41
3. Anatomy of the Face, Head, and Neck......Page 58
3.1 Nomenclature......Page 59
3.2 The Skull......Page 61
3.3 Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck......Page 72
3.4 The Temporomandibular Joint......Page 84
3.5 Muscles of the Tongue......Page 87
3.6 The Muscles of the Forehead, Ear, and Neck......Page 89
3.7 Skin......Page 91
3.8 The Eyes......Page 94
4.1 Introduction......Page 100
4.2 Facial Geometry......Page 102
4.3 Face Features......Page 109
4.4 Sources of Facial Surface Data......Page 111
4.5 Digitizer-Based Modeling......Page 114
4.6 Photogrammetric Measurement......Page 120
4.7 Modeling Based on Laser Scans......Page 125
4.9 Sculpting Facial Models......Page 132
4.10 Conformation Guidelines......Page 135
4.11 Assembling Faces from Simple Shapes......Page 138
4.12 New Faces from Existing Faces......Page 141
4.13 Statistical Models......Page 151
4.14 Parameterized Conformation Models......Page 156
5.1 Fundamental Animation Techniques......Page 158
5.2 Control Parameterizations......Page 159
5.3 Interpolation......Page 160
5.4 Facial Rigging......Page 163
5.5 Performance-Based Animation......Page 169
5.6 Facial Expressions......Page 171
5.7 Parameterized Models......Page 174
5.8 Pseudomuscle-Based Animation......Page 175
5.9 Muscle-Based Facial Animation......Page 177
5.10 Language-Based Animation......Page 178
5.11 Abstraction-Layered Facial Animation......Page 180
5.12 The Billy Animation......Page 185
5.13 Creating Good Animation......Page 186
5.14 Control Parameterizations Revisited......Page 189
6.1 Synthetic Images......Page 194
6.2 Visible Surface Determ......Page 198
6.3 Surface Shading......Page 202
6.4 Lighting......Page 207
6.5 Polygonal Shading Models......Page 212
6.6 Aliasing......Page 215
6.7 Generating Synthetic Human Skin Texture......Page 218
6.8 Lighting the Face: Lessons from Portrait Photography......Page 227
6.9 Animation Rendering and Perception......Page 233
7. Parameterized Face Models......Page 236
7.1 Parameterized Model Concepts......Page 237
7.2 Facial Parameterization......Page 239
7.3 Implementation of a Parameterized Model......Page 243
7.4 Animation Using the Parameterized Model......Page 258
7.5 Parameterized Model Extensions......Page 260
8.1 The Mechanics of Facial Tissue......Page 268
8.2 The Mechanics of Muscles......Page 273
8.3 A Muscle Model Process......Page 274
8.4 Modeling the Primary Facial Expressions......Page 280
8.5 Parametric Surface Patches......Page 284
8.6 Physical Models of Facial Tissue......Page 287
8.7 A Dynamic Neck......Page 305
9. Speech-Synchronized Animation......Page 306
9.1 Cartoon Lip Animation......Page 307
9.2 Speech Production......Page 308
9.3 Automated Synchronization......Page 322
9.4 Text-Driven Synchronized Speech......Page 324
9.5 Image-Based Visual Speech Synthesis......Page 328
9.6 Muscle-Driven Synchronization......Page 331
9.7 Speech-Driven Synchronization......Page 334
9.8 Expression Overlays......Page 339
9.9 Complete Speech Animation......Page 343
10.1 Background......Page 346
10.2 The Envelope for Face Deformations......Page 354
10.3 Feature Tracking and Correspondence......Page 356
10.4 Directions for Performance Animation......Page 375
11.1 Hair Structure......Page 378
11.2 Representing Hair......Page 381
11.3 Hair Modeling......Page 383
11.4 Cluster Hair Model......Page 385
11.5 The Thin Shell Volume Model......Page 388
11.6 Loosely Connected Particles Model......Page 390
11.7 Strand-Based Hair Models......Page 392
11.8 Wisp-Based Hair......Page 394
11.9 Mass-Spring-Hinge Hair Model......Page 396
11.10 Beam Bending Hair......Page 399
11.11 Hair-to-Hair Interaction......Page 409
11.12 Interactive Hair Modeling Tools......Page 410
11.13 Super-Helices Hair Model......Page 411
11.14 Strand Rendering......Page 414
A. A Face Model......Page 422
A.2 Control......Page 423
B.1 Input Data......Page 424
B.3 Source and Data Files......Page 426
Bibliography......Page 428