Computer-Aided Architectural Design. INTERCONNECTIONS: Co-computing Beyond Boundaries: 20th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2023 Delft, The Netherlands, July 5–7, 2023 Selected Papers

Preface
Organization
Contents
Algorithmic Architectural Design
The Marching Shape 3D
	1 Introduction
	2 Marching Shape 3D
		2.1 The Marching Shape 3D - Subdivision Rules and Schemas
		2.2 The Marching Shape 3D: Weights/Properties
		2.3 The Marching Shape 3D: Case Study
	3 Marching Shape 3D: Deriving Iso-Surfaces
		3.1 Iso-surface Reconstruction from Iso-Curve Values
	4 Conclusions
	References
Between System and Improvisation: The Design Language of Donald Judd’s “100 Untitled Works in Mill Aluminum”
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Serial Art
		1.2 Shape Grammar
		1.3 Serial Order
	2 The Design Language of Donald Judd’s “100 Untitled Works in Mill Aluminum”
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Illustrating Algorithmic Design
	1 Introduction
	2 A Challenging Practice
	3 Comprehension Mechanisms
		3.1 Documentation
		3.2 Computational Notebooks
	4 Automatic Illustration
		4.1 Geometric Elements
		4.2 The Evaluator
		4.3 Programming Style
		4.4 Too Much Information (TMI)
		4.5 Repeated Illustrations
	5 Discussion and Follow-Ups
	6 Conclusion
	References
AI-powered Architectural Ideation
Architectural Sketch to 3D Model: An Experiment on Simple-Form Houses
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Sketch-Based Modeling
		2.2 3D Model Reconstruction from 2D Image
	3 Method
		3.1 Synthetic Data Generation
		3.2 Hand-Drawn Sketch Style Simulation
		3.3 3D Model Generation
		3.4 Mesh Optimization
		3.5 User Interface
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Generated Results
		4.2 Consistency Test
		4.3 User Interface
	5 Conclusions
	References
Towards Human-AI Collaborative Architectural Concept Design via Semantic AI
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Digital Tools for Architectural Design
		2.2 Semantic AI
		2.3 Differentiable Rendering
		2.4 ML for Architectural Design
	3 New Methods for Semantic AI Augmented Design
	4 Co-creative Semantic AI Experiments
	5 Case Study: Museum Form Exploration with Semantic AI
	6 Discussion
	References
Use of Language to Generate Architectural Scenery with AI-Powered Tools
	1 Introduction
	2 Reasoning Through Visual and Language
	3 A Protocol Study with AI-Powered Design Tool
		3.1 Analyzing Tool Options
		3.2 Segmentation
		3.3 Encoding Descriptions into Categories
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
The House that Looked Like It Should Collapse. Natural Language Processing for Architectural Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 General Assessment
	4 Detailed Prompt Examples
	5 Conclusion
	References
Architectural and Social ‘Word Forms’ Slippage with Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Background
	2 Methods
		2.1 Workflow
		2.2 Dataset Preparation
		2.3 Training Models
		2.4 Naming New Forms
		2.5 Form Similarity
		2.6 Form Clustering
		2.7 Word Similarity
		2.8 Word Clustering
		2.9 Word-Form Accuracy/Slippage
	3 Results
		3.1 Application
		3.2 Word2Form
		3.3 Form2Word
		3.4 Form2Forms
		3.5 Spatial Imagination in 3D
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance-Based Design
Enabling Flexible Architectural Design Re-representations Using a Phenotype-Based Strategy
	1 Flexible Re-representations
		1.1 A Phenotype-Based Strategy
		1.2 State of the Art in Parametric Design
	2 Measuring Daylight Phenotypes
		2.1 Daylight Performance Representations
		2.2 Gabor Filters to Describe UDI Patterns
	3 Driving Design Search
		3.1 Logic of Phenotype Space
		3.2 Actions in Genotype, Phenotype, and Performance Space
	4 Design Space Re-representation
		4.1 Imitating Human Design Re-representation
	5 Conclusion and Limitations
	References
Expanding Performance-Driven Parametric Design Spaces Through Data Streams
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Performance Feedback in Early Design
		2.2 Online Updating Methods
	3 Methods
		3.1 Selected Online Updating Algorithm
		3.2 Data Preparation for Case Studies
	4 Results
		4.1 Spatial Daylight Autonomy of a Sidelit Room
		4.2 Energy Consumption of a Residential Building
		4.3 Embodied Carbon of a Stadium
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Design Ranking Method for Many-Objective Evolutionary Optimization
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Ranking Methods in Evolutionary Optimization
	2 Method
		2.1 Overview of the Design Ranking Method
		2.2 Design Evaluations
		2.3 Evaluation Groups
		2.4 Penalty Functions
		2.5 Optimization
		2.6 Implementation
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Evaluation Settings
		3.2 Design Generation and Optimization
		3.3 Result
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
		4.1 Conclusion
	References
Optimization Strategies of Architecture and Engineering Graduate Students: Responding to Data During Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Optimization in Building Design
		2.2 Differences in Architecture and Engineering Education
	3 Methods
		3.1 Study Setup
		3.2 Data Collection and Evaluation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Participant Background
		4.2 Session Sequences
		4.3 Design Statements
		4.4 Implications for Disciplinary Education and Approaches to Optimization Feedback
		4.5 Study Limitations
	5 Conclusion
	References
Wieringa Surface: The Implementation of Aperiodicity into Architectural Acoustics
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Mathematical Definitions
		2.2 The Fourier Transform and Aperiodicity
		2.3 Architectural Acoustics
		2.4 Schroeder Diffusers
		2.5 The Wieringa Roof
		2.6 Wieringa Surface for Architectural Acoustics
	3 Methods
		3.1 Parametric Model
		3.2 Simulation
		3.3 Digital Fabrication
	4 Results
		4.1 Acoustic
		4.2 Fabrication Process
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Urban Models and Analysis
Cost-Effective 3D Urban Massing Reconstruction of Public Aerial LiDAR Scans
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Reconstructing Building Mass
	4 Evaluating Reconstructions
	5 Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Fine-Grained Long-Term Analysis of Resurgent Urban Morphotypes
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Observing Enclaves in Place
		1.2 Observing Enclaves in Time
		1.3 Observing Enclaves in Synergy
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Searching in Place
		2.2 Searching in Time
		2.3 A Model for Informed Urban Analysis
		2.4 Configurational Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Street Voids: Analyzing Street-Level Walkability Based on 3D Morphology and Remotely Accessible Urban Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 3D Representation Models of the Urban Environment
		2.2 Urban Walkability Assessment, Urban Planning and Design
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Convex and Street-Void Analysis
		3.2 Street Network Analysis
		3.3 Street View Imagery Based Attribute Analysis
		3.4 Street Activity Attribute Analysis
	4 Case Studies
		4.1 Statistical Analysis and Classification of Street Voids
		4.2 Findings and Further Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Visualizing Invisible Environmental Data in VR: Development and Implementation of Design Concepts for Communicating Urban Air Quality in a Virtual City Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methods and Development Process
		3.1 Modelling of Scenarios and Data
		3.2 Visual Exploration of Data: Visual Design and Concepts for Air Pollution
		3.3 User Studies
	4 Results
		4.1 Interaction and Behavior
		4.2 Understanding and Preferences
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Visual Exploration of Data
		5.2 The Development and Result of the Prototype
	6 Conclusion
	References
Urban Design
Transforming Large-Scale Participation Data Through Topic Modelling in Urban Design Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Case Study: Madrid
		3.2 Digital Participation Database
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Topic Model Parameters
		4.1 The Number of Topics
		4.2 Evaluation Metrics
		4.3 Hyperparameters
	5 Topic Modelling Algorithms
		5.1 Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
		5.2 Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI)
		5.3 Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP)
		5.4 The Comparison of Topic Models
	6 Conclusion
	References
AI-Assisted Exploration of the Spirit of Place in Chinese Gardens from the Perspective of Spatial Sequences
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Context
		1.2 Learning from Chinese Gardens
		1.3 Case Study
	2 Methods
		2.1 Generate Plane Informations for Spatial Sequences
		2.2 Generate Spatial Sequences
		2.3 Materialization
	3 Results and Reflexions
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Parametric Tool for Outdoor Shade Design: Harnessing Quantitative Indices and Visual Feedback for Effective and Efficient Climatic Design of Streets
	1 Introduction
	2 Scientific Background
		2.1 Street Shade Index
		2.2 Sidewalk Shade Availability Index
		2.3 Street Tree Canopy Cover
	3 Kikayon: Tool Description
		3.1 Inputs
		3.2 Calculation and Outputs
	4 Use Scenario Example
		4.1 Baseline Geometry
		4.2 Design Scenarios for Increased Shade
		4.3 Results
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Urban Shaderade. Building Space Analysis Method for Energy and Sunlight Consideration in Urban Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methods
		3.1 Urban Environments
		3.2 Façade Samples Clustering
		3.3 Urban Scenarios and Performance Parameters
		3.4 Building Space Analysis
		3.5 Energy-Solar Envelope
	4 Results
		4.1 Building and Energy Use
		4.2 Urban Environment and WWR
		4.3 Sunlight Exposure
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design Space Recommendation: Assisting Users to Manage Complexity in Urban Design Optimisation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Model Setup
		2.2 Targeted Search Method: NSGA-III + DBSCAN
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Results from Clustering Parameter Ranges in Search Space
		3.2 Performance Comparison of Clustering Method in the Solution Space
	4 From Parameter Clustering to Design Space Recommendation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Digital Design, Materials and Fabrication
Augmented Performative Design: A Workflow Utilizing Augmented Reality for Structurally Stable Masonry Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Experiments and Findings
		3.1 Phase A: AR Immersive Design
		3.2 Phase B: AR-Assisted Structural Stability Simulation
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Design-to-Fabrication Workflow for Free-Form Timber Structures Using Offcuts*-1pc
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 State of the Art
		1.3 Research Motivation and Objective
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design Concept of Offcut Structures
		2.2 Algorithms and Computational Implementation
		2.3 Robotic Setup and Control
	3 Results
		3.1 Design Space Exploration
		3.2 Offcut Demonstrator
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Towards an AI-Based Framework for Autonomous Design and Construction: Learning from Reinforcement Learning Success in RTS Games
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Challenges of AI Application in the AEC Industry
		1.2 AI Applications in RTS Games
	2 Literature Review
	3 Framework
		3.1 Design Intent
		3.2 Site Data Acquisition:
		3.3 Design and Construction Legislation
		3.4 Design and Construction Learning
		3.5 Robotic Execution
	4 Proof-of-Concept: RoBuilDer
		4.1 RoBuilDer: Human Version
		4.2 RoBuilDer: Robot Version
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A System for Truss Manipulation with Relative Robots: Designing and Prototyping HookBot
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Designing HookBot: A Relative Robot
		3.1 Initial Design
		3.2 Adhesion Mechanism
		3.3 Locomotion Kinematics
		3.4 Providing Material
		3.5 Self-positioning
		3.6 Assembly Details
	4 Prototyping HookBot: A Proof-of-Concept Chassis
		4.1 Prototype V.01: A Chassis with Curved Rack Geared DC Motors
		4.2 The Prototype V.02: A Chassis with Independent Stepper Motors
	5 Discussion
		5.1 A System for Autonomous Truss Manipulation
		5.2 Road to Autonomous Discrete Assembly with Relative Robots
	6 Conclusion and Future Remarks
	References
Material-in-the-Loop Fabrication: A Vision-Based Adaptive Clay 3D Printing Workflow on Indeterminate Sand Surfaces
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Clay 3D Printing and the Use of Sand as Reusable Formworks for Fabricating Complex Geometries
		2.2 Vision-Based Sensing and Reconstruction in Robotic Additive Manufacturing
	3 Material-in-the-Loop Fabrication Workflow
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Formative Fabrication of Sand
		3.3 Computer Vision Framework
		3.4 Conformal Toolpath Generation
		3.5 Additive Manufacturing of Panels
		3.6 Post-processing of Panels and Reclamation of the Sand Mixture
	4 Design Experiment
		4.1 Global Design
		4.2 Fabricated Modules
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Biologically Informed Design - Towards Additive Biofabrication with Cyanobacteria
	1 Introduction
	2 Cyanobacteria
		2.1 Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)
		2.2 Cyanobacteria Photosynthesis and Carbon Fixation
		2.3 Cyanobacteria in an Additive Co-fabrication Process
	3 Biologically Informed Computational Design
		3.1 Incubation and Light Constraints
		3.2 Material-Driven Geometrical Design
	4 Prototyping an Additive Co-fabrication Process with Cyanobacteria
	5 Conclusion
	References
Minimum Mass Cast Glass Structures Under Performance and Manufacturability Constraints
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Numerical Results
		3.1 Design Problem
		3.2 Optimization Formulation
		3.3 Results
	4 Application
		4.1 Design Strategy
		4.2 Structural Evaluation
		4.3 Fabrication
	5 Conclusions
	References
Spatial Information, Data and Semantics
A Semantic Spatial Policy Model to Automatically Calculate Allowable Gross Floor Areas in Singapore
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Large Scale Datasets of Urban Indicators
		2.2 Semantic Spatial Policy Models
		2.3 Regulatory Urban Indicators: Allowable Gross Floor Area for Plots in Singapore
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Aims and Scope of Our Methodology
		3.2 Standardising and Filtering Planning Regulations
		3.3 Generating the Allowable GFA Dataset
		3.4 OntoBuildableSpace Ontology for Allowable GFA Instantiation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Building Information Validation and Reasoning Using Semantic Web Technologies
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Challenges of Co-designing Timber Shells in Terms of Data Communication
		2.2 Semantic Web Technologies for Reasoning and Data Validation for AEC
	3 Method
		3.1 Design Data Generation
		3.2 Methods for Reasoning and Data Validation
	4 Results
		4.1 Conversion of the Design Data to the Knowledge Graph
		4.2 Timber Shell Data Completeness, Validation and Reasoning
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Visual Support Tool for Decision-Making over Federated Building Information
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Integrating Heterogeneous Building Information
		3.1 Converting Building Information Models to RDF
		3.2 Integrating Sensor Data
		3.3 Integrating Occupant Feedback
	4 LBDviz: Visualising Linked Building Data on the Web
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 The 3D Model
		4.3 Querying Federated Building Information
		4.4 Querying Time-Series Data
	5 Case Studies
		5.1 Requirement Checking
		5.2 Designing High-Performing Buildings
		5.3 Ecological and Economical Challenges
		5.4 Design Feedback
	6 Conclusion
	References
Building Data Analysis, Visualisation, Interaction
BIMThermoAR: Visualizing Building Thermal Simulation Using BIM-Based Augmented Reality
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Augmented Reality
	2 Related Work
	3 Methods and Prototyping
		3.1 BIMxThermoAR Prototype Workflow
		3.2 The Space of Study
		3.3 Energy Simulation Setup and Scenarios
		3.4 BIMThermoAR Prototype Implementation
	4 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Framework for Monitoring and Identifying Indoor Air Pollutants Based on BIM with IoT Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Backgrounds
	3 Research Method
		3.1 Air Quality Monitoring Module
		3.2 Data Analysis Module
		3.3 Ventilation Module
		3.4 Prototype of Air Quality Monitoring System
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Coupling Co-presence in Physical and Virtual Environments Toward Hybrid Places
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Physical Places
		2.2 Virtual Places
		2.3 Coupling Physical and Virtual Places for Hybrid Interactions
	3 Hybrid Places
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Real-Time Occupancy Sensing
		4.2 The Hybrid-Virtual Place
		4.3 The Hybrid-Physical Place
		4.4 System Architecture
	5 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
Social Signals: An Adaptive Installation for Mediating Space During COVID-19 and Beyond
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Building Occupancy Analysis
		2.2 Media Art and Architecture
	3 Methods
		3.1 Development Framework
		3.2 Pedestrian Detection
		3.3 Tracking
		3.4 Path Prediction
		3.5 Interaction Design
		3.6 Design Iterations
		3.7 Installation Setup
	4 Results
		4.1 Limitations
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Future Directions
	References
Quantifying Occupant Behavior Uncertainty in Spatio-Temporal Visual Comfort Assessment of National Fitness Halls: A Machine Learning-Based Co-simulation Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Methodological Framework
		2.2 Design of Experiment (DoE)
		2.3 ANN-Based MOO
		2.4 Quantification of Sports Behavior Uncertainty
		2.5 Generation of Court Layout and Location
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 ANN Model Training and Validation Results
		3.2 Pareto Solutions and Final Optimum Solution
		3.3 Solution Space of Court Layout and Location
	4 Conclusion
	References
Building Massing and Layouts
Topological Operations: A New Method Toward Retrievable Design Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Method
		3.1 Graph Algebra for Topological Operations
	4 Demonstration
		4.1 Operation-Retrievable Massing
		4.2 Retrievability
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Design Space Exploration
		5.2 Design Translation
		5.3 Graph-Based Representation
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Physics-Based Constraint Solver for the Site Layout Optimization of Non-convex Buildings with Multiple Requirements
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 A Computational Method for Layout Optimization
		3.1 A Constraint Solver Based on Rigid-Body Dynamics
		3.2 Other Adaptation Mechanisms
		3.3 Optimization
	4 Design Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Big Data, Good Data, and Residential Floor Plans
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Problem
		1.2 Research Goal and Question
		1.3 Limitations
	2 Method
		2.1 Feature Selection Methods Review
		2.2 Evaluation
	3 Case Study
	4 Results
		4.1 Measuring the Information Value of Individual Features
		4.2 Evaluation
	5 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
An Integrated and Interactive 3D Space Planning Framework Considering Collective Multi-criteria Optimization Based on Multi-agent Constraints Solving
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Space Planning with the Multi-agent System
		2.2 Space Planning in an Integrated Framework
	3 Methodology
		3.1 The Operational Process of the Algorithm
		3.2 The System Composition of the Algorithm
	4 Activity Center Space Planning Experiment
		4.1 Algorithm Model Settings
		4.2 Space Planning Control Experiments
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Demand vs Design – Comparing Design Proposals to “New Work” – Based Spatial Requirements
	1 Introduction
	2 Aim of the Study
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Calculating Zone Connections
		3.2 Case Studies
	4 Results
		4.1 Does Path Length and Path Complexity Differ from Each Other?
		4.2 What Are the Characteristics of Strong, Medium and Weak Connections in Spatial Configurations?
		4.3 Comparison of Demand and Design: Are There Deviations in Zone Connections
		4.4 Which Factors Lead to Deviations?
	5 Discussion of the Results with the Architect
		5.1 Number of Zone Connections
		5.2 Zone Area
		5.3 Zone Function
	6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
The Impact of Spatial Layout on Orientation and Wayfinding in Public Housing Estates Using Isovist Polygons and Shape Matching Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Decision Points and Isovist Analysis
		3.2 Shape Matching and VGA Graph
		3.3 VR-Based Wayfinding Experiments
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Author Index