Computed tomography. Principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances

Content: 1. Introduction --
Conventional X-ray Tomography --
History of Computed Tomography --
Different Generations of CT Scanners. 2. Preliminaries --
Mathematics Fundamentals --
Fundamentals of X-ray Physics --
Measurement of Line Integrals and Data Conditioning --
Sampling Geometry and Sinogram. 3. Image Reconstruction --
Introduction --
Several Approaches to Image Reconstruction --
The Fourier Slice Theorem --
The Filtered Backprojection Algorithm --
Fan-Beam Reconstruction --
Iterative Reconstruction. 4. Image Presentation --
CT Image Display --
Volume Visualization --
Impact of Visualization Tools. 5. Key Performance Parameters of the CT Scanner --
High-Contrast Spatial Resolution --
Low-Contrast Resolution --
Temporal Resolution --
CT Number Accuracy and Noise --
Performance of the Scanogram. 6. Major Components of the CT Scanner --
System Overview --
The X-ray Tube and High-Voltage Generator --
The X-ray Detector and Data-Acquisition Electronics --
The Gantry and Slip Ring --
Collimation and Filtration --
The Reconstruction Engine. 7. Image Artifacts: Appearances, Causes, and Corrections --
What Is an Image Artifact? --
Different Appearances of Image Artifacts --
Artifacts Related to System Design --
Artifacts Related to X-ray Tubes --
Detector-induced Artifacts --
Patient-induced Artifacts --
Operator-induced Artifacts. 8. Computer Simulation and Analysis --
What Is Computer Simulation? --
Simulation Overview --
Simulation of Optics --
Computer Simulation of Physics-related Performance. 9. Helical or Spiral CT --
Introduction --
Terminology and Reconstruction --
Slice Sensitivity Profile and Noise --
Helically Related Image Artifacts. 10. Multislice CT --
The Need for Multislice CT --
Detector Configurations of Multislice CT --
Nonhelical Mode of Reconstruction --
Multislice Helical Reconstruction --
Multislice Artifacts. 11. X-ray Radiation and Dose-Reduction Techniques --
Biological Effects of X-ray Radiation --
Measurement of X-ray dose --
Methodologies for Dose Reduction. 12. Advanced CT Applications --
Introduction --
Cardiac Imaging --
CT Fluoroscopy --
CT Perfusion --
Screening and Quantitative CT --
Dual-Energy CT.