Comprehensive Volume and Capacity Measurements

Cover
......Page 1
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1.3 Reference Temperature
......Page 22
1.4 Unit of Volume or Capacity
......Page 23
1.5.3 Material
......Page 24
1.6 Measurement of Volume of Solid Artefacts
......Page 25
1.6.2 Volume of Solid Body by Hydrostatic Method
......Page 26
1.7 Water as a Standard
......Page 27
1.7.1 SMOW
......Page 28
1.7.2 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS90)
......Page 29
1.8.3 Aims and Objectives of the Project
......Page 30
1.8.8 Monitoring the Progress of the Measurements at Different Laboratories and the Influence Parameters Like Temperature
......Page 31
1.8.11 Evaluation of Results from Participating Laboratories
......Page 32
1.9.1 Participation and Pilot Laboratory
......Page 35
1.9.3 Artefacts
......Page 36
1.9.4 Method of Measurement
......Page 38
1.9.6 Equipment and Standard used by Participating Laboratories
......Page 39
1.9.7 Results of Measurement by Participating Laboratories......Page 40
1.10.2 Weighted Mean of Volume of CS 85
......Page 41
1.11.1 International Inter-Comparison of Capacity Measures
......Page 42
2.1 Realisation and Hierarchy of Standards
......Page 46
2.2.1 Content Type
......Page 48
2.3 Principle of Maintenance of Hierarchy for Capacity Measures
......Page 49
2.4.1 25 dm3 Capacity Measure at NPL India
......Page 50
2.4.2 50 dm3 Capacity Measure
......Page 53
2.4.4 A Typical Pipe Prover
......Page 54
2.4.5 Principle of Working
......Page 55
2.4.6 Movement of Sphere During Proving Cycle
......Page 56
2.5.1 Single Capacity Content Type Measures
......Page 58
2.5.3 Multiple Capacity Content Measures
......Page 60
2.6 Delivery Type Measures
......Page 61
2.6.1 Measures having Cylindrical Body with Semi-spherical Ends
......Page 62
2.6.2 Measures having Cylindrical Body with no Discontinuity
......Page 63
2.6.3 Volume of the Portion Bounded by Two Quadrants
......Page 64
2.6.4 Measures having Cylindrical Body with Conical Ends
......Page 66
2.7.1 Automatic Pipettes
......Page 68
2.7.3 Old Pipettes
......Page 69
2.7.4 Maximum Permissible Errors for Secondary Standard Capacity Measure
......Page 71
2.8.2 Commercial Measures
......Page 72
2.9.2 Working Standard Measures
......Page 73
3.3 Determination of Capacity of Measures Maintained At level I or II
......Page 75
3.3.1 Determination of the Capacity of a Delivery Measure
......Page 76
3.3.2 Determination of the Capacity of a Content Measure
......Page 77
3.4.1 Temperature Correction
......Page 79
3.4.3 Correction Due to a Unit Difference in Coefficients of Expansion
......Page 81
3.5.1 Temperature Correction
......Page 82
3.6 Description of Tables
......Page 83
3.6.2 Correction Tables using Mercury as Medium
......Page 84
3.7.1 Example
......Page 85
4.2 Multiple and one to one Transfer Methods
......Page 135
4.3.1 Temperature Correction in Volumetric Method
......Page 136
4.4 Use of a Volumetric Measure at a Temperature Other Than Its Standard Temperature 
......Page 137
4.5.1 From a Delivery Measure to a Content Measure
......Page 138
4.5.2 Calibration of Content to Content Measure (working standard capacity measures)
......Page 139
4.6 Error Due to Evaporation and Spillage
......Page 140
4.6.3 Spillage
......Page 141
5.1.1 Facilities at NPL for Calibration of Volumetric Glassware
......Page 153
5.3 Cleaning of Volumetric Glassware
......Page 154
5.3.2 Cleaning of Small Volumetric Glassware
......Page 155
5.4.1 Convention for Reading
......Page 156
5.4.2 Method of Reading
......Page 157
5.5.2 Delivery Time and Drainage Time
......Page 158
5.5.3 Delivery Time and Drainage Volume for a Burette
......Page 159
5.5.4 Volume Delivered and Delivery Time of Pipettes
......Page 162
5.5.5 Relation between Vw and Parameters of a Delivery Measure
......Page 164
5.6.2 Surface Tension
......Page 165
5.6.5 Use of Liquids other than Water
......Page 166
5.7 Influence Parameters and Their Contribution to Fractional uncertainty
......Page 167
5.8.2 Filling of a Delivery Measure
......Page 168
5.10 Criterion for Fixing Maximum Permissible Errors
......Page 169
6.1.1 Jets for Stopcock of Burettes
......Page 172
6.1.4 Setting up a Burette
......Page 174
6.1.5 Leakage Test
......Page 175
6.1.7 Calibration of Burette
......Page 176
6.1.9 MPE (Tolerance) / Basic Dimensions of Burettes
......Page 177
6.2.1 Types of Measuring Cylinders
......Page 178
6.3.1 One-mark Volumetric Flasks
......Page 181
6.3.2 Graduated Neck Flask
......Page 185
6.3.3 Micro Volumetric Flasks
......Page 186
6.4.1 One Mark Bulb Pipette
......Page 188
6.4.2 Graduated Pipettes
......Page 192
6.5.2 Nomenclature of Micropipettes
......Page 194
6.5.3 Measuring Micropipettes
......Page 195
6.5.4 Folin’s Type Micropipettes
......Page 196
6.5.6 Micro Pipettes Weighing Type
......Page 197
6.5.8 Micro-litre Pipettes
......Page 199
6.6.1 Disposable Serological Pipettes
......Page 201
6.6.2 Piston Operated Volumetric Instrument
......Page 202
6.6.3 Special Purpose Micro-pipette (44.7 μl capacity)
......Page 205
6.7.1 Automatic Pipettes in Micro-litre Range
......Page 206
6.7.2 Automatic Pipettes (5 cm3 to 5 dm3)
......Page 208
6.8.1 Non-graduated Conical Bottom Centrifuge Tube
......Page 209
6.8.3 Graduated Conical Centrifuge Tube with Stopper
......Page 210
6.8.4 Non-graduated Cylindrical Bottom Centrifuge Tube without Stopper
......Page 211
6.11.1 Calibration of a Burette
......Page 212
6.11.2 Calibration of a Micropipette
......Page 213
7.1 Introduction
......Page 217
7.2 Excess of Pressure on Concave Side of Air-Liquid Interface
......Page 218
7.3 Differential Equation of the Interface Surface
......Page 220
7.4 Basis of Bashforth and Adams Tables
......Page 221
7.5 Equilibrium Equation of a Liquid Column Raised due to Capillarity 
......Page 222
7.6 Rise of Liquid in Narrow Circular Tube
......Page 224
7.6.2 Case II u ≠ 0 but du/dx is small 
......Page 226
7.7.1 Rayleigh Formula
......Page 229
7.7.2 Laplace Formula
......Page 231
7.8.1 Air-liquid Interface is Never Spherical
......Page 233
7.8.2 Air-Liquid Interface is Ellipsoidal
......Page 234
7.8.3 Equilibrium of the Volume of the Liquid Column
......Page 235
7.8.5 Discussion of Results
......Page 237
7.10 Dependence of Meniscus Volume on Capillary Constant
......Page 241
7.11.1 Author’s Approach for Liquids having any Contact Angle
......Page 242
8.1 Introduction
......Page 252
8.2 Definitions
......Page 253
8.3.2 Position of the Tank with Respect to Ground
......Page 255
8.3.5 Accuracy Requirement
......Page 256
8.6 Vertical Storage Tank With Fixed Roof
......Page 257
8.8 General Features of Storage Tank 
......Page 259
8.9.1 Dimensional Method
......Page 260
8.10 Descriptive Data
......Page 267
8.11.1 Precautions
......Page 268
8.11.2 Equipment used in Strapping
......Page 269
8.11.3 Strapping Procedure
......Page 273
8.12.1 Step Over Correction
......Page 274
8.12.3 Correction Due to Sag
......Page 275
8.13.3 Fixed Service Tank
......Page 276
8.14.3 Considerations to be Kept in Mind
......Page 277
8.15 Temperature Correction in Liquid Transfer Method
......Page 279
9.1.1 Strapping Levels (Locations) for Vertical Storage Tanks
......Page 283
9.2 Measurement of Thickness of the Shell Plate
......Page 284
9.3 Vertical Measurements
......Page 285
9.5.1 Flat Bottom
......Page 286
9.6 Measurement of Tilt of the Tank
......Page 287
9.7.1 Liquid Calibration for Displacement by the Floating-roof
......Page 288
9.8.1 Outline of the Method
......Page 289
9.8.2 Equipment
......Page 290
9.9.1 Principle of Preparing Gauge Table (Calibration Table)
......Page 291
9.10 Calculations
......Page 294
9.13 Floating Roof Tanks
......Page 295
9.14.1 Correction for Tilt
......Page 296
9.14.2 Example of Strapping Method
......Page 297
9.15.1 Data Obtained by Internal Measurement
......Page 300
9.15.2 Gauge Table Volume Versus Height
......Page 301
9.16 Deformation of Tanks
......Page 302
10.3 Strapping Locations For Horizontal Tanks
......Page 304
10.3.2 Lap-welded Tank
......Page 305
10.4 Partial Volume in Main Cylindrical Tank
......Page 306
10.4.1 Area of Segment
......Page 307
10.5.1 Partial Volumes for Knuckle Heads
......Page 308
10.5.2 Ellipsoidal or Spherical Heads
......Page 309
10.5.5 Values of K for H/D > 0.5
......Page 310
10.6.5 Effects on Volume of Off Level Tanks......Page 311
11.1 Spherical Tank
......Page 327
11.2.1 Strapping Method
......Page 328
11.3.2 Alternative Method (Reduction Formula)
......Page 329
11.3.3 Example of Calculation for Sphere
......Page 331
11.4 Spheroid
......Page 332
11.5.2 Step wise Calculations
......Page 333
11.5.3 Example for Partial Volumes of a Spheroid
......Page 334
11.7.1 Casks and Barrels
......Page 336
11.8.2 Cask-volume of Revolution of an Ellipse
......Page 338
11.8.3 Cask Composed of two Frusta of Revolution of a Branch of a Parabola
......Page 339
11.9.2 Uncertainty in Measurement
......Page 340
11.9.3 Calibration Procedures
......Page 341
11.10.3 Calibration
......Page 342
11.11 Re-Calibration of any Storage Tank When Due
......Page 343
12.2.1 Graduated Scale of the Measure
......Page 350
12.3.1 Measure Inscribed within a Sphere
......Page 353
12.3.2 General Case
......Page 355
12.4.1 Slant Cone at the Bottom
......Page 357
12.5.1 Adjusting Device
......Page 359
12.6.1 Symmetrical Content Measures
......Page 360
12.6.4 Dimensions of Symmetrical Measures
......Page 361
12.6.5 Delivery Measures with Slant Cone as Delivery Pipe
......Page 363
12.7.1 Thickness of Sheet used
......Page 365
12.8.3 Stationary Measure
......Page 366
12.9 Dimensions of Measures of Specific Designs
......Page 367
12.9.1 Design and Dimensions of Measures with Asymmetric Delivery Cone
......Page 368
12.9.2 Measures Designed at NPL, India
......Page 370
13.1.1 Definitions
......Page 372
13.2 Classification of Vehicle Tanks
......Page 374
13.2.2 Pressure Testing
......Page 375
13.3.2 Material Requirements
......Page 376
13.3.8 Dome and Level Gauging Device
......Page 377
13.4 Discharge Device
......Page 378
13.6.1 Dipstick
......Page 379
13.6.2 Level Measuring Device
......Page 380
13.7 Volume/Capacity Determination
......Page 381
13.7.1 Water Gauge Plant
......Page 382
13.8.1 General Precautions
......Page 383
13.8.3 Calibration of a Vehicle Tank
......Page 384
13.9.1 Construction and Shape
......Page 385
13.10 Increase in Capacity of Vehicle Tanks Due to Pressure
......Page 387
13.10.1 Example
......Page 388
13.11 Water-Weighing Method For Verification Of Tanks
......Page 389
13.13 Suspended Water
......Page 391
14.1.1 Some Definitions
......Page 393
14.2 Brief Description
......Page 394
14.2.1 Sketch of a Tanker
......Page 395
14.4.2 Location of Measurements
......Page 396
14.4.3 Linear Measurement Procedure
......Page 397
14.4.4 Temperature Correction and Deadwood Distribution
......Page 401
14.4.6 Numerical Example
......Page 402
14.5.2 Filling Locations of the Tank
......Page 408
14.5.4 Net and Total Capacities of the Barge
......Page 409
14.6 Calculating from the Detailed Drawings of The tanks and the Barge
......Page 410
Index
......Page 412