Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Section I: The Basics of Vitiligo
	Chapter 1: History and Cultural Aspects of Vitiligo
		Introduction
		History of Vitiligo
		Cultural Aspects of Vitiligo
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Definition, Epidemiology, and Prevalence
		Definition
		Historical Aspects
		Epidemiology
		References
	Chapter 3: Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Epidemiology and Prevalence
		Clinical Features
		Associations
		References
	Chapter 4: Basic Science
		Melanin Synthetic Pathways
		Raper–Mason Pathway
		Cutaneous Melanin Pigmentation
		Genetic Determinants of Human Skin Pigmentation (Constitutive Pigmentation)
		References
		Tanning (Facultative Pigmentation): Molecular Aspects
		Tyrosinase Activation
		Melanocyte Keratinocyte Interactions in Tanning
		Tanning Includes Enhanced DNA Repair Capacity
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Etiopathogenesis
		Genetics of Vitiligo
		Environmental Factors in Vitiligo
		Autoimmunity in Vitiligo
		Oxidative Stress
		Autophagy
		Neural Hypothesis
		References
Section II: Clinical Profile of Vitiligo
	Chapter 6: Classification of Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Evolution of the Classification of Vitiligo
		Rare Variants of Vitiligo
		References
	Chapter 7: Vitiligo Vulgaris
		Definition
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Features
		Course of Disease
		Associations
		Social Impact
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Segmental Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical Features
		Treatment
		Prognosis and Counseling
		References
	Chapter 9: Acrofacial Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Definition
		Lip-Tip Vitiligo
		Age of Onset and Distribution
		Family History
		Association with Autoimmune Diseases
		Progression
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Pharmacological Treatment
		Surgical Treatment
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Mucosal Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Oral Vitiligo
		Genital Vitiligo
		Differential Diagnosis
		Management
		References
	Chapter 11: Leukotrichia in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Incidence
		Follicular Melanogenesis and Pathogenesis of Leukotrichia
		Clinical Features
		Treatment Modalities in Repigmentation of Leukotrichia
		Theories of Repigmentation in Vitiligo and Leukotrichia
		References
	Chapter 12: Other Subtypes and Variants of Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Pre-Vitiligo
		Unclassified Subtypes of Vitiligo
		Morphological Variants of Vitiligo
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Vitiligo and Associated Comorbidities
		Introduction
		Associated Diseases
		References
	Chapter 14: Repigmentation in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Biochemistry of Melanogenesis
		Mechanism of Repigmentation in Vitiligo [.2.]
		Follicular Melanogenesis
		Special Factors Regulating Repigmentation
		Significance of Leukotrichia
		References
	Chapter 15: Special Groups
		Chapter 15.1: Vitiligo and Pregnancy
			Introduction
			Pregnancy and Vitiligo: Common Concerns
			Effect of Pregnancy on Vitiligo
			Effect of Vitiligo on Pregnancy
			Management of Vitiligo during Pregnancy
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 15.2: Pediatric Vitiligo
			Introduction
			Epidemiology
			Classification of Childhood Vitiligo
			Clinical Features
			Associated Disorders
			Psychological Effects of Vitiligo
			Course of the Disease
			Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
			Counseling Aspects in Pediatric Vitiligo
			References
		Chapter 15.3: Vitiligo and Immunodeficiency
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Immunodeficiency Diseases Associated with Vitiligo
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 15.4: Vitiligo Onset in Late Age
			Introduction
			Late-Onset Vitiligo
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Characteristics
			Associations
			Management
			Conclusion
			References
Section III: Diagnosis and Assessment of Vitiligo
	Chapter 16: Differential Diagnosis
		Introduction
		Differential Diagnosis
		References
	Chapter 17: Noninvasive Tests
		Dermoscopy
		Woods Lamp Examination
		Ultraviolet Light Photography
		Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
		Colorimetry-Based Image Analysis
		References
	Chapter 18: Invasive Tests
		Introduction
		Histopathological Examination of Skin Biopsy
		Minimally Invasive Techniques
		Laboratory Tests Indicated in Patients with Vitiligo
		Cytokine Estimation
		References
	Chapter 19: Assessment of Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Areas of Involvement
		Disease Stability
		Repigmentation Indices
		Quality-OF-Life Indices
		Disfigurement Indices
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Quality-of-Life Measures and Psychological Aspects in Vitiligo (Counseling and Support Groups)
		Introduction
		Emotional Impact of Vitiligo
		Impact on Occupation
		Psychiatric Morbidity
		Psychological Influence and Vitiligo
		Comparison of QoL between Vitiligo and Other Diseases
		Comparison of Dermatology Life Quality Scores between Different Nations
		Coping Strategies Adopted by the Patient
		Effectiveness of Therapeutic Interventions on QoL in Vitiligo Patients
		Approach to a Patient with Vitiligo
		Measures to Improve the QoL in Vitiligo Patients
		Conclusion
		References
Section IV: Topical Treatment for Vitiligo
	Chapter 21: Topical Corticosteroids
		Introduction
		Vitiligo Etiopathogenesis
		Mode of Action and Rationale for use in Vitiligo
		Therapeutic Guidelines
		Studies (Level of Evidence)
		General Guidelines for Application of Topical Corticosteroids
		Adverse Effects
		Safety Concerns
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 22: Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
		Introduction
		Tacrolimus
		Pimecrolimus
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Topical Vitamin D Analogs
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		The Action Mechanisms of Vitamin D Analogs in Vitiligo Treatment
		Side Effects of Vitamin D Analogs
		Studies of Vitamin D Analogs in the Treatment of Vitiligo
		Comparison of Vitamin D Analogs with Other Treatment Methods in Vitiligo
		Childhood Vitiligo and Vitamin D Analogs
		Conclusion
		Practical Tips
		References
	Chapter 24: Newer Agents for Topical Treatment
		Introduction
		Newer Topical Agents in Vitiligo
		Future Perspectives
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 25: Cosmetic Camouflage in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		Importance of Camouflage in Vitiligo
		Classification of Camouflage
		Leukotrichia
		The Role of the Dermatologist
		What is New?
		Conclusion
		Practical Tips
		References
Section V: Systemic Treatment for Vitiligo
	Chapter 26: Oral Corticosteroids
		Introduction
		Corticosteroids in Vitiligo
		Mechanism of Action of Corticosteroids
		Indications of Systemic Corticosteroids in Vitiligo
		Modes of Administering Systemic Corticosteroids
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 27: Other Immunosuppressive Agents in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Treatment Algorithms Proposed for Vitiligo
		Methotrexate
		Azathioprine
		Cyclosporine
		Janus kinase inhibitors
		Cyclophosphamide
		Biologics
		References
	Chapter 28: Role of Antioxidants in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Oxidant and Antioxidant Systems
		Vitiligo and Oxidative Stress
		The Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Vitiligo
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 29: Newer Agents in Systemic Treatment
		Introduction
		Corticosteroid Therapy
		Immunomodulators
		Anapsos
		Clofazimine
		Quinolone Compounds
		Placental Extracts
		Afamelanotide
		Apremilast
		Janus Kinase Inhibitors
		What are Janus Kinase Enzymes?
		Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activation of Transcription Signaling
		Janus Kinase Inhibition
		Tofacitinib
		Ruxolitinib
		Role of Tofacitinib in Vitiligo
		Simvastatin and Atorvastatin
		Role of Statins in Vitiligo
		Conclusion
		References
Section VI: Phototherapy and Lasers
	Chapter 30: UVA Therapy in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		Spectrum of Ultraviolet Radiation
		Photochemotherapy
		Mechanism of Action of Psoralens
		Sources of UVA Radiation
		Treatment Methodology in Vitiligo
		Contraindications for PUVA Therapy
		Prognostic Factors Determining  Response to UVA Therapy in Vitiligo
		Monitoring Guidelines for PUVA Therapy
		Efficacy of PUVA in Vitiligo
		Combination of PUVA with Other Modalities
		Adverse Effects of PUVA
		Conclusion
		Practical Tips
		References
	Chapter 31: UVB Therapy in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		Mechanism of Action of NB-UVB in Vitiligo
		Equipment for the Delivery of Phototherapy
		Dosing Schedule
		Good Prognostic Factors Determining  Response to NB-UVB
		Efficacy of NB-UVB Monotherapy in Vitiligo
		Combination Therapies with NB-UVB
		Safety and Tolerability
		Conclusion
		Practical Tips
		References
	Chapter 32: Targeted Phototherapy
		Introduction and Historical Background
		Targeted Phototherapy Modalities
		Comparative Aspects for Targeted  Phototherapy Treatment Choice
		Targeted Phototherapy as a Combination Treatment
		Practical Experience
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 33: Lasers in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Principles of Laser Therapeutics
		Devices
		Indications
		Combination Therapy with Lasers
		Treatment Protocols
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Conclusion
		References
Section VII: Other Therapies for Vitiligo
	Chapter 34: Alternative Medicine in Vitiligo Including Home Remedies
		Indian History of Vitiligo
		Ayurvedic Medications in Vitiligo
		Herbs for Treatment of Vitiligo
		Homeopathic Medicines for Vitiligo
		Traditional Siddha Medicine for Vitiligo
		Unani Medicine for Vitiligo Treatment
		The Role of Food
		Viruddha Ahara
		References
	Chapter 35: Depigmenting Agents
		Introduction
		Monobenzyl Ether of Hydroquinone
		Mequinol
		Phenol
		Lasers
		Cryotherapy
		Second-Line Agents
		Experimental Therapies
		Conclusion
		References
Section VIII: Surgical Treatment of Vitiligo
	Chapter 36: Surgical Treatment
		Introduction
		Patient Expectations
		Assessment of Suitability of a Patient for Vitiligo Surgery
		Conclusion
		Appendix 1
		References
	Chapter 37: Tissue Grafting Techniques
		Chapter 37.1: Minigrafting
			Historical Perspective
			The punch instrument
			Evolution of minipunch grafting
			Test grafting
			Minigrafting Procedure [.13.,.43–45.]
			Follow-up and course of events
			Complications
			Discussion and analytical perspective
			Conclusion
			Reference.s
		Chapter 37.2: Ultrathin Skin Grafting
			Introduction
			Historical Background
			Basic Principles and Biology of Skin Grafting
			Patient Selection
			Technique
			Harvesting the Graft
			Method
			Modifications needed at difficult-to-treat sites
			Complications
			Efficacy of Ultrathin Skin Grafting
			Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrathin Skin Grafting
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 37.3: Suction Blister Grafting
			Introduction
			Suction Blister Grafting
			Technique
			Factors Affecting the Procedure
			References
		Chapter 37.4: The Epidermal Harvesting System (Cellutome™) for Stable Vitiligo Surgery
			Introduction
			CelluTome Epidermal Harvesting System
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 37.5: Flip-Top Transplantation Technique and Smash Grafting
			Introduction
			Flip-Top Transplantation Technique
			Smash Grafting Technique
			Mesh Grafting Technique
			References
		Chapter 37.6: Hair Follicle Transplantation in Vitiligo
			Introduction
			Historical Background
			Future Perspectives
			Practical Tips
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 37.7: Jodhpur Technique
			Introduction
			Indications
			Contraindications
			Procedure
			Jodhpur Technique from Perilesional Vitiligo Skin
			Jodhpur Technique in Non-Healing Ulcers
			References
	Chapter 38: Cellular Grafting Techniques
		Chapter 38.1: Noncultured Epidermal Cell Suspension
			Introduction
			History
			Prerequisites for Performing NCES
			Principle of Noncultured Epidermal Cell Suspension
			Procedure
			Instruments and Consumables
			Effect of Technique-Related Factors on the Response to NCES
			Modifications of the Procedure
			Re-Cell Kit and Well Plates
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 38.2: Cultured Melanocyte Grafting
			Introduction
			Procedure of Melanocyte Culture
			Advantages of Autologous Transplantation of Cultured Melanocytes Technique
			Disadvantages of Autologous Transplantation of Cultured Melanocytes Technique
			References
	Chapter 39: Management of Difficult Vitiligo (Acral, Genital, Lips, Palms, and Soles.)
		Introduction
		Lip Vitiligo
		Acral Vitiligo
		Genital Vitiligo
		Areolae
		Scalp
		Summary of Preferred Treatment Modality
		References
	Chapter 40: MICRONEEDLING IN VITILIGO
		Introduction
		Mechanism of Action
		Procedure
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 41: PRP in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		What is PRP?
		Mechanism of Action
		Preparation of PRP
		Classification of PRP
		Dermatological Indications of PRP
		PRP in Vitiligo
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 42: Dermabrasion in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Procedure
		Postoperative Care
		Mechanism of Repigmentation
		Combination Therapy
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 43: Role of Diet in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Role of Diet in Vitiligo
		Aggravating Factors in Diet
		Beneficial Foods in Vitiligo
		Conclusion
		References
Section IX: Miscellaneous
	Chapter 44: Tattooing in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		Basic Concepts
		Tattoo Dyes and Instruments
		Procedure
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Sequelae and Complications
		Conclusion
		Salient Features
		References
	Chapter 45: Myths in Vitiligo
		Introduction
		History
		Vitiligo—A Psychophysiologic Disorder
		Myths Related to the Cause
		Myths Related to Food
		Myths Related to Spreadability
		Myths in Relation to its Association with Other Diseases
		Myths Related to Treatment
		Conclusion
		References
Index