Comprehensive Preventive Dentistry

Comprehensive Preventive Dentistry......Page 1
Comprehensive Preventive Dentistry......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
List of Contributors......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Introduction......Page 10
The global burden of oral diseases......Page 11
Dental decay dental caries: global patterns......Page 12
Caries prevention: how far we have come in one century!......Page 15
Caries as an infectious disease......Page 18
Plaque biofilms and their role in caries and periodontal disease......Page 19
The demineralization?remineralization balance in caries......Page 22
Coronal versus root caries......Page 25
Caries versus periodontal disease......Page 27
The pathogenesis of periodontal disease......Page 28
Oral cancer......Page 29
Can dental professionals prevent oral diseases before they occur?......Page 30
References......Page 31
Introduction......Page 34
Electronic Caries Monitor ECM......Page 38
Digital radiographs......Page 41
Fiber Optic Transillumination FOTI and DiFOTI......Page 42
Visible light fluorescence?QLF......Page 44
Laser fluorescence?DIAGNOdent......Page 46
Photo-thermal Radiometry PTR......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 48
References......Page 49
Alveolar bone and alveolar process......Page 52
Periodontal ligament......Page 53
Gingiva......Page 54
Diagnosis of health......Page 55
Gingivitis and soft tissue inflammation......Page 57
Periodontitis and its progression......Page 59
Diagnosis of periodontitis......Page 62
Dental calculus......Page 63
New technologies in detecting periodontal disease progression......Page 65
References......Page 67
Epidemiology of oral cancer......Page 70
Age and sex......Page 71
Trends......Page 72
Tobacco and alcohol use......Page 73
Betel quid and areca nut chewing......Page 74
Human papillomavirus......Page 76
Improved oral hygiene......Page 77
Premalignant or potentially malignant oral lesions......Page 78
Early diagnosis of oral cancer......Page 81
Introduction......Page 83
Screening by visual and tactile examination......Page 84
Transepithelial cytology......Page 85
Role of the dental team......Page 86
References......Page 87
Introduction......Page 90
Study designs in epidemiologic studies and their analytical framework......Page 91
Descriptive studies: case series......Page 92
Descriptive studies: surveillance......Page 93
Analytical studies: cohort studies......Page 94
Analytical studies: case control studies......Page 95
Experimental or interventional studies......Page 96
Description of a randomized controlled trial......Page 97
Critical appraisal of research: general guidelines......Page 101
Concept of cause and effect in epidemiological studies......Page 102
References......Page 106
The impact of dental diseases on well being......Page 108
The intraoral effect of diet on the teeth......Page 109
Population studies......Page 110
Human intervention studies......Page 111
Observational studies of sugars and dental caries......Page 112
Which is more important?frequency of sugars consumption or the amount of sugars consumed?......Page 113
Does the cariogenicity of different types of sugar differ?......Page 114
Does reducing sugars intake remain important when a population is exposed to fluoride?......Page 115
Does starch cause dental caries?......Page 116
Strategies to prevent dental caries: modification of free sugars consumption......Page 117
What are the current recommendations for levels of sugars intake in different countries?......Page 119
What research is required to advance knowledge in the field of nutrition and oral health?......Page 120
References......Page 121
Caries-related mechanisms of probiotic activity......Page 124
Probiotics and counts of mutans streptococci......Page 125
Conclusions......Page 126
References......Page 127
Introduction: why remove oral biofilm?......Page 128
Bristles or filaments......Page 130
Care of the toothbrush......Page 133
Toothpaste......Page 134
Micro picks......Page 136
Special cases......Page 137
The trouble with meta-analysis in dentistry......Page 139
How best to teach brushing......Page 140
Crowns......Page 141
Cleaning the tongue......Page 142
Dental floss......Page 143
How to floss......Page 144
The waterjet......Page 145
Bacteremia......Page 146
Essential oils......Page 147
Cetylpyridinium chloride......Page 148
Xylitol......Page 149
References......Page 150
Mutans streptococci and dental caries......Page 155
Xylitol in focus......Page 156
Xylitol selects for non-virulent mutans streptococci......Page 157
Xylitol toothpaste......Page 159
Maternal xylitol consumption and S. mutans level and caries in their children......Page 160
Chewing gum culture then and now......Page 161
Chewing gum as a delivery vehicle for fluoride, minerals, alkalinizing agents, and chlorhexidine......Page 163
Xylitol chewing gum and public health programs......Page 164
References......Page 165
Chlorhexidine in the current armamentarium of the dental professional......Page 168
Pharmacology......Page 169
The safety record of chlorhexidine in medical and dental use......Page 170
Chlorhexidine mouth rinses for plaque and gingivitis control......Page 172
Alternatives to chlorhexidine mouth rinses for controlling plaque and gingivitis......Page 173
New developments in chlorhexidine varnish technology......Page 174
The therapeutic indication of Prevora? prevention of caries in high-risk adults......Page 175
The Prevora treatment plan......Page 177
The role of informed consent with the prevora treatment plan......Page 179
The procedures to administer Prevora......Page 180
The efficacy and safety of Prevora......Page 181
Other evidence of Prevora’s preventive effect in other high risk populations......Page 182
The prospects for continued innovation in chlorhexidine products and in more preventive dental care......Page 183
References......Page 186
Introduction......Page 189
Mode of action of ozone......Page 190
Ozone dose calculations......Page 191
Ozone use in medicine......Page 192
Effect of ozone on oral microorganisms and oral cells......Page 194
The HealOzone unit......Page 195
Ozone in the management of incipient caries......Page 198
Treating root caries with ozone......Page 199
References......Page 201
The extent of the problem......Page 204
Types of traumatic dental injuries to teeth......Page 205
The ASD has guidelines on how to become a ‘team dentist’......Page 209
Reasons for slow adaptation in sports......Page 211
Mouth-formed mouthguards ‘boil and bite’......Page 212
Single-layered, vacuum-formed mouthguards......Page 213
Custom doubleand triple-laminated mouthguards......Page 214
Can mouthguards reduce the incidence of concussions in sports?......Page 215
Do mouthguards increase athletic performance?......Page 216
References......Page 217
Prevalence of the condition......Page 220
Early detection of erosion......Page 221
Erosion due to intrinsic factors......Page 222
Preparations to prevent erosion......Page 223
References......Page 224
Prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity......Page 227
Differential diagnosis......Page 228
Gingival recession and toothbrush/ paste abrasion......Page 230
The mechanism involved in the etiology of dentin hypersensitivity......Page 231
Occluding dentin tubules with chemical precipitates......Page 233
Potassium nitrate......Page 234
Additional home care products designed to treat dentin hypersensitivity......Page 235
Additional therapies not yet fully explored......Page 236
Conclusion......Page 238
References......Page 239
Caries distribution......Page 242
Treatment of dental caries......Page 243
Caries risk assessment......Page 244
Risk assessment models......Page 245
Selection of risk assessment instrument......Page 246
Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli......Page 247
Fluoride exposure......Page 249
Plaque......Page 250
Fermentable carbohydrates......Page 251
Sociodemographic indicators......Page 252
Cariogram......Page 253
‘Caries risk and preventive needs assessment’ instrument......Page 254
Summary......Page 256
References......Page 257
Introduction......Page 260
Changes in the chemistry of enamel during carious attack......Page 261
Salivary fluoride......Page 265
Slow release fluoride strategies......Page 271
Does fluoride affect the growth or metabolism of plaque bacteria?......Page 272
Fluoride metabolism......Page 274
Does water fluoridation simply delay dental decay?......Page 275
Fluoride supplements......Page 277
Fluoridated milk......Page 278
Diagnosis of dental fluorosis......Page 279
Prevalence of dental fluorosis......Page 280
The treatment of dental fluorosis......Page 281
Water, beverages, and food......Page 282
Is dental fluorosis predictive of bone fluorosis?......Page 283
Acute toxicity?clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment......Page 284
Medical management of fluoride toxicity......Page 285
References......Page 286
Introduction......Page 292
Site specificity......Page 293
Development of occlusal caries......Page 294
Effectiveness of fissure sealants......Page 296
Ideal sealants......Page 297
Glass ionomer sealants: placement protocol......Page 298
Resin sealant: placement protocols......Page 299
When to use glass-ionomer sealants?......Page 300
Preventing caries in erupting teeth: surface protection with glass inomer cement, a “pre-fissure sealant? procedure......Page 301
Sealing over caries lesions......Page 302
Placement protocol......Page 303
Conclusions......Page 304
References......Page 305
Caries prevention with light-activated fluoride......Page 307
Mechanisms of action of LAF......Page 308
Factors that influence remineralization......Page 309
Beta Tricalcium Phosphate TCP......Page 310
Amorphous calcium phosphate......Page 311
CPP-ACP Nanocomplexes......Page 312
Anti-cariogenic actions......Page 313
CPP-ACFP nanocomplexes......Page 314
Treatment of white spot lesions......Page 315
Clinical applications and protocols......Page 316
Disclosure......Page 318
References......Page 319
Strategies for parents......Page 322
Strategies for all caregivers......Page 323
Public health measures......Page 324
In-office and community-based models for oral health promotion......Page 325
Why do babies drool?......Page 327
When should weaning from a baby bottle to a training cup occur?......Page 328
How should I brush my children’s teeth?......Page 329
My baby gets frequent ear infections. Is there a relationship between his mouth and ears?......Page 330
I will have to make toothbrushing or flossing seem like fun at first. Any suggestions?......Page 331
Can you use it for making formula?......Page 332
My baby cries whenever a stranger looks at her. A ‘stranger’ who wants her to open her mouth will be terrifying for her. What do......Page 333
Do oral habits such as thumb sucking and pacifier use affect the baby’s teeth and jaws?......Page 334
How can I make the home environment safe to prevent injuries?......Page 335
Do baby teeth need to be fixed? Can’t we just pull them out? That’s what we would do back home.......Page 336
When should my child be taken to a doctor/ hospital?......Page 337
References......Page 338
What Is long-term care?......Page 339
Who resides in long-term care homes?......Page 340
Admission and assessments......Page 342
Focus of care and services......Page 343
Staffing......Page 345
Plan of care?team collaboration......Page 346
Best practices and quality care......Page 347
What is the status of oral health in long-term care?......Page 349
Oral care provision......Page 353
Innovative oral care based on knowledge sharing......Page 355
Oral health-related quality of life......Page 360
Challenges for oral care professionals......Page 361
Case study......Page 362
References......Page 363
The transfer zone......Page 367
The static zone......Page 368
Patient counseling......Page 369
Polishing or desensitizing teeth......Page 370
Minimally invasive dentistry......Page 371
Extraoral photography......Page 372
Ozone......Page 373
Radiographs......Page 374
Hospital care......Page 376
Cardiac care......Page 377
Orofacial myofunctional therapy practice......Page 378
Other professional settings......Page 380
Integrating preventive dentistry into a general practice......Page 381
What is a preventive dentistry dental team?......Page 382
Conclusion......Page 384
References......Page 385
Regulation......Page 386
Complaints and discipline......Page 387
Example B......Page 388
The client’s interests come first......Page 389
Advantages......Page 390
Why do dental hygienists want to open their own business?......Page 391
What are the advantages to the client in being treated directly by the dental hygienist?......Page 393
Words of advice from dental hygienists who have chosen to “go it alone?......Page 394
Success stories......Page 395
References......Page 396
Index......Page 397