Comprehensive pharmacy review for NAPLEX

Comprehensive Pharmacy Review for NAPLEX, Eighth Edition
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Title Page
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Preface
	WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION
	ORGANIZATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND CHAPTER STRUCTURE
Contributors
Contents
Taking a Test
	MATERIALS NEEDED FOR TEST PREPARATION
	ATTITUDE AND APPROACH
	PREPARING FOR THE EXAMINATION
	TAKING THE EXAMINATION
	SPECIFIC TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES
	MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
	GUESSING
	USING A PRACTICE EXAM TO LEARN
	SUMMARY
Introduction to the NAPLEX
NAPLEX Blueprint
	THE NAPLEX COMPETENCY STATEMENTS
Chapter 1: Pharmaceutical Calculations
	I. FUNDAMENTALS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION
	II. SYSTEMS OF MEASURE
	III. REDUCING AND ENLARGING FORMULAS
	IV. CALCULATING DOSES
	V. PERCENTAGE, RATIO STRENGTH, AND OTHER CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS
	VI. DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION
	VII. ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 2: Pharmaceutical Principles and Drug Dosage Forms
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION
	III. STATES OF MATTER
	IV. PHYSICOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR
	V. CHEMICAL KINETICS AND DRUG STABILITY
	VI. DRUG DOSAGE FORMS AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 3: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. DRUG TRANSPORT AND ABSORPTION
	III. BIOPHARMACEUTIC PRINCIPLES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 4: Extemporaneous Prescription Compounding
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPOUNDING
	III. COMPOUNDING OF SOLUTIONS
	IV. COMPOUNDING OF SUSPENSIONS
	V. EMULSIONS
	VI. POWDERED DOSAGE FORMS
	VII. CAPSULES
	VIII. MOLDED TABLETS (TABLET TRITURATES)
	IX. OINTMENTS, CREAMS, PASTES, AND GELS
	X. SUPPOSITORIES
	XI. STERILE PREPARATIONS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 5: Basic Pharmacokinetics
	I. PHARMACOKINETICS
	II. CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
	III. TOXICOKINETICS
	IV. POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 6: Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
	I. DEFINITIONS
	II. DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
	III. BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE
	IV. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE BIOAVAILABILITY
	V. BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES FOR SOLID ORAL DRUG PRODUCTS
	VI. BIOEQUIVALENCE ISSUES
	VII. DRUG PRODUCTION SELECTION
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 7: Biotechnology Drug Products
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. BASIC TERMINOLOGY
	III. PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES
	IV. IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig) AND mAbs
	V. CYTOKINE IMMUNOMODULATORS
	VI. PLASMA PROTEINS, COAGULATION, FIBRINOLYSIS
	VII. MISCELLANEOUS OTHER PROTEIN DRUGS
	VIII. MACROMOLECULAR NUCLEIC ACID DRUGS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 8: Drug Metabolism, Prodrugs, and Pharmacogenetics
	I. INTRODUCTION TO DRUG METABOLISM
	II. CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG METABOLISM
	III. METABOLIC PATHWAYS
	IV. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DRUG METABOLISM
	V. PRODRUGS
	VI. STRATEGIES TO MANAGE DRUG METABOLISM
	VII. PHARMACOGENETICS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 9: Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs Affecting the Nervous System
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. DRUGS AFFECTING THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
	III. DRUGS AFFECTING THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
	IV. DRUGS AFFECTING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 10: Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry of Cardiovascular and Diuretic Drugs
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS
	III. AGENTS USED TO MANAGE ANGINA
	IV. AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
	V. ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS
	VI. ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AGENTS
	VII. ANTICOAGULANT, ANTIPLATELET, AND THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 11: Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry of Autacoids, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, and Antihistamines
	I. AUTACOIDS
	II. PROSTAGLANDINS (PGs)
	III. NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, OR NSAIDs
	IV. NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS
	V. GOUT
	VI. LEUKOTRIENES (LTs)
	VII. SEROTONIN
	VIII. ANTIHISTAMINES
	IX. PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (PPIs)
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 12: Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry of Endocrine and Related Drugs
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. PITUITARY HORMONES
	III. GONADAL HORMONES
	IV. ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS
	V. THYROID HORMONES
	VI. BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS
	VII. ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 13: Drug–Drug and Drug–Nutrient Interactions
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS
	III. PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS
	IV. HERBAL–DRUG INTERACTIONS
	V. FOOD–DRUG INTERACTIONS
	VI. CHEMICAL–DRUG INTERACTIONS
	VII. PHARMACOGENETICS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS
	VIII. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF DRUG INTERACTIONS
	IX. REFERENCES.
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 14: Drug Information Resources
	I. DEFINITION
	II. DRUG INFORMATION RESOURCES
	III. INTERNET
	IV. STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING INFORMATION REQUESTS
	V. SEARCH STRATEGIES
	VI. EVALUATING A CLINICAL STUDY
	VII. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSES TO DRUG INFORMATION REQUESTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 15: Biostatistics
	I. TYPES OF DATA
	II. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
	III. MEASURES OF VARIABILITY: DESCRIBE DATA SPREAD AND CAN HELP INFER STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
	IV. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
	V. STATISTICAL INFERENCE TECHNIQUES IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR PARAMETRIC DATA
	VI. STATISTICAL INFERENCE TECHNIQUES IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR NONPARAMETRIC DATA
	VII. STATISTICAL INFERENCE TECHNIQUES IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR ORDINAL DATA
	VIII. CORRELATION SIMPLY EXPLAINS THE STRENGTH OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES
	IX. REGRESSION TAKES CORRELATION ONE STEP FURTHER
	X. ERROR VERSUS BIAS
	XI. CONFOUNDING
	XII. CONTROLLED VERSUS NONCONTROLLED TRIALS
	XIII. BLINDING DOES SEVERAL THINGS
	XIV. VALIDITY
	XV. ASSESSING RISK
	XVI. TRIAL DESIGN
	XVII. REFERENCES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 16: Clinical Toxicology
	I. OVERVIEW
	II. GENERAL MANAGEMENT
	III. MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INGESTIONS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 17: Sterile Products
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. DEFINITIONS
	III. DESIGN AND FUNCTION OF STERILE COMPOUNDING AREAS
	IV. ASEPTIC MANIPULATIONS
	V. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
	VI. STERILIZATION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT
	VII. PACKAGING OF PARENTERAL PRODUCTS
	VIII. PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION ROUTES
	IX. PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS
	X. IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS
	XI. NEEDLES AND SYRINGES
	XII. INTRAVENOUS DRUG DELIVERY
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 18: Parapharmaceuticals, Diagnostic Aids, and Medical Devices
	I. AMBULATORY AIDS
	II. BATHROOM EQUIPMENT
	III. BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS
	IV. HEAT AND COLD THERAPY
	V. DIAGNOSTIC AIDS
	VI. HOSPITAL BEDS AND ACCESSORIES
	VII. INCONTINENCE AND INCONTINENCE PRODUCTS
	VIII. ORTHOPEDIC BRACES AND SURGICAL FITTINGS
	IX. OSTOMY APPLIANCES AND ACCESSORIES
	X. RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT
	XI. THERMOMETERS
	XII. URINARY CATHETERS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 19: Over-the-Counter Otic, Dental, and Ophthalmic Agents
	I. OTIC OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) PRODUCTS
	II. DENTAL OVER-THE-COUNTER PRODUCTS
	III. OPHTHALMIC OTC PRODUCTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 20: Over-the-Counter Dermatological Agents
	I. CONTACT DERMATITIS
	II. SCALY DERMATOSES
	III. FUNGAL INFECTIONS
	IV. ACNE
	V. DRY SKIN
	VI. SUNLIGHT, SUNSCREENS, AND SUNTAN PRODUCTS
	VII. WARTS
	VIII. CORNS AND CALLUSES
	IX. PEDICULOSIS AND PEDICULICIDES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 21: Over-the-Counter Weight Control, Sleep, and Smoking-Cessation Aids
	I. WEIGHT CONTROL
	II. SLEEP AIDS
	III. SMOKING CESSATION
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 22: Over-the-Counter Agents for Fever, Pain, Cough, Cold, and Allergic Rhinitis
	I. ANALGESIC, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIPYRETIC AGENTS
	II. THE COMMON COLD
	III. ALLERGIC RHINITIS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 23: Over-the-Counter Agents for Constipation, Diarrhea, Hemorrhoids, and Heartburn
	I. CONSTIPATION
	II. DIARRHEA
	III. HEMORRHOIDS
	IV. HEARTBURN AND DYSPEPSIA
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 24: Over-the-Counter 
Menstrual, Vaginal, and Contraceptive Agents
	I. MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUAL PRODUCTS
	II. VAGINAL PRODUCTS
	III. OTC CONTRACEPTIVES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 25: Herbal Medicines and Nutritional Supplements
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. COMMONLY USED HERBS
	III. OTHER DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS THAT ARE POTENTIALLY SAFE
	IV. REFERENCES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 26: Clinical 
Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. APPLYING CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS IN TDM
	III. TDM DRUGS AND COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
	IV. EQUATIONS FREQUENTLY USED IN TDM
	V. EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS ON PHARMACOKINETIC VARIABLES
	VI. USING TEST PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS IN TDM
	VII. SUMMARY
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 27: Pediatrics
	I. PEDIATRIC PHARMACOTHERAPY
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 28: Geriatrics
	I. DRUG USE IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 29: Women’s Health
	I. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME/PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER
	II. POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
	III. DRUG USE IN PREGNANT PATIENTS
	IV. DRUG EXCRETION IN BREAST MILK
	V. INCONTINENCE
	VI. MENOPAUSE
	VII. OSTEOPOROSIS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 30: Clinical Laboratory Tests
	I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
	II. HEMATOLOGICAL TESTS
	III. COMMON SERUM ENZYME TESTS
	IV. LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
	V. URINALYSIS
	VI. COMMON RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
	VII. ELECTROLYTES
	VIII. MINERALS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 31: Coronary Artery Disease
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. ANGINA PECTORIS
	III. ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS)
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 32: Cardiac Arrhythmias
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. THERAPY
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 33: Hypertension
	I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
	II. SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
	III. ESSENTIAL (PRIMARY) HYPERTENSION
	IV. HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES
	V. PRINCIPLES OF HYPERTENSION TREATMENT IN THE ELDERLY
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 34: Heart Failure
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
	III. CLINICAL EVALUATION
	IV. THERAPY
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 35: Thromboembolic 
Diseases
	I. DEFINITION
	II. INCIDENCE
	III. RISK FACTORS FOR VTE
	IV. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
	V. PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 36: Infectious Diseases
	I. PRINCIPLES OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY
	II. ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
	III. SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
	IV. TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
	V. ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS
	VI. ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS
	VII. ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
	VIII. ANTHELMINTICS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 37: Seizure Disorders
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. THERAPY
	III. COMPLICATIONS
	IV. SEIZURE DISORDER AND PREGNANCY
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 38: Parkinson Disease
	I. DISEASE STATE AND PATHOLOGY
	II. INDIVIDUAL DRUGS
	III. SURGICAL TREATMENT
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 39: Schizophrenia
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES
	III. TREATMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
	IV. PHARMACOTHERAPY: ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 40: Mood Disorders, Anxiety Spectrum Disorders, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Insomnia
	I. TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
	II. TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
	III. TREATMENT OF ANXIETY SPECTRUM DISORDERS
	IV. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
	V. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
	VI. TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
	VII. TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 41: Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	I. ASTHMA
	II. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 42: Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
	I. DEFINITION AND CAUSE
	II. NORMAL JOINT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	III. OSTEOARTHRITIS
	IV. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 43: Hyperuricemia and Gout
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA
	III. ACUTE GOUTY ARTHRITIS
	IV. INTERCRITICAL GOUT
	V. CHRONIC TOPHACEOUS GOUT
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 44: Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Acid-Associated Disorders
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. THERAPY
	III. COMPLICATIONS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 45: Diseases of the Bowel: Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. THERAPY
	III. COMPLICATIONS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 46: Diabetes Mellitus
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIABETIC STATE
	III. CLINICAL EVALUATION
	IV. GLYCEMIC TREATMENT GOALS
	V. PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
	VI. GLYCEMIC MANAGEMENT OF T2DM
	VII. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY OF PREDIABETES
	VIII. HYPERGLYCEMIC EMERGENCIES
	IX. HYPOGLYCEMIA
	X. CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS
	XI. PATIENT EDUCATION AND SELF-CARE
	XII. DEVICES FOR DIABETES
	XIII. SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS AFFECTING GLYCEMIC CONTROL
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 47: Thyroid Disease
	I. DEFINITION
	II. PHYSIOLOGY
	III. HYPOTHYROIDISM
	IV. HYPERTHYROIDISM
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 48: Renal Disorders
	I. ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
	II. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 49: Hepatic Disorders
	I. ACUTE LIVER FAILURE (ALF)
	II. ACETAMINOPHEN HEPATOTOXICITY
	III. HEPATITIS: INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER
	IV. ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE
	V. CIRRHOSIS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 50: Cancer Chemotherapy
	I. PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
	II. CELL LIFE CYCLE
	III. CHEMOTHERAPY
	IV. CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
	V. TOXICITIES OF CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS
	VI. OTHER THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 51: Pain Management
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. ANALGESICS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 52: Nutrition and the Hospitalized Patient
	I. NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS
	II. NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS
	III. METHODS OF SUPPORT
	IV. MONITORING SUPPORT
	V. SUPPORT OF SPECIFIC STATES
	VI. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF PN PREPARATIONS
	VII. HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION (HPN)
	VIII. MISCELLANEOUS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 53: Immunosuppressive Agents in Organ Transplantation
	I. ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
	II. GRAFT REJECTION
	III. PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF GRAFT REJECTION
	IV. COMPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 54: Outcomes Research and Pharmacoeconomics
	I. GENERAL CONCEPTS
	II. COST
	III. ELEMENTS OF A GOOD STUDY
	IV. PHARMACOECONOMIC METHODOLOGIES
	V. DECISION ANALYSIS
	VI. PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES (PRO)
	VII. MODELING STUDIES
	VIII. 1997 FDA MODERNIZATION ACT, SECTION 114, HEALTH CARE ECONOMIC INFORMATION
	IX. PRACTICAL ISSUES IN INTERPRETING OUTCOMES RESEARCH AND PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 55: Drug Product Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
	III. PREAPPROVAL INSPECTIONS (PAIs)
	IV. SCALE-UP AND POSTAPPROVAL CHANGES (SUPACs)
	V. GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMPs)
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 56: Microbiology
	I. SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
	II. DOMAIN EUKARYA
	III. DOMAIN BACTERIA
	IV. VIRUSES
	V. TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
	VI. DISEASES CAUSED BY INFECTIOUS AGENTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 57: Immunology
	I. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
	II. INNATE IMMUNITY
	III. FUNCTIONAL BRANCHES OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE: T-CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES (CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY)
	IV. FUNCTIONAL BRANCHES OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE: HUMORAL IMMUNITY
	V. IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
	VI. HYPERSENSITIVITIES
	VII. AUTOIMMUNITY
	VIII. TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
	IX. TRANSPLANTATION
	X. VACCINATION
	XI. IMMUNIZATION PRACTICE FOR THE PHARMACIST
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 58: Principles of Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. RECEPTORS
	III. DRUG–RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS
	IV. PHARMACODYNAMICS IN THE CLINICAL POPULATION
	V. STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF DRUG ACTION
	VI. PHYSIOCHEMICAL DETERMINANTS OF DRUG ACTION
	VII. NONCLASSICAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS
	VIII. MAJOR SOURCES OF COMMERCIALLY VIABLE DRUGS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 59: Nuclear Pharmacy
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. SODIUM PERTECHNETATE TECHNETIUM-99m (99m Tc) GENERATOR
	III. RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
	IV. SKELETAL IMAGING
	V. LUNG IMAGING
	VI. HEPATIC IMAGING
	VII. RENAL IMAGING
	VIII. THYROID IMAGING
	IX. BRAIN IMAGING
	X. INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
	XI. BREAST IMAGING
	XII. TUMORS
	XIII. THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
	XV. REFERENCES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 60: Medication Therapy Management
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. SCOPE OF MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT SERVICES
	III. ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT
	IV. REFERENCES
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 61: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting
	I. INTRODUCTION
	II. DEFINITIONS
	III. TYPES OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
	IV. RECOGNITION
	V. SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
	VI. REPORTING TO THE FDA
	VII. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEALTH-SYSTEMS PHARMACISTS (ASHP) GUIDELINES
	VIII. THE JOINT COMMISSION
	IX. UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA (USP)
	X. FURTHER INFORMATION
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 62: Medication Errors
	I. MEDICATION ERROR PROBLEM
	II. ERROR DEFINITION
	III. TYPES OF ERRORS
	IV. COMMON ERROR HAZARDS
	V. SEVERAL SAFETY TECHNIQUES OBSERVED IN COMMUNITY PHARMACIES
	VI. ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS (RCA)
	VII. NATIONAL SAFETY EFFORTS
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 63: Federal Pharmacy Law
	I. FEDERAL CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT
	II. FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT (FDCA)
	III. POISON PREVENTION PACKAGING ACT (PPPA)
	IV. ANTI-TAMPERING ACT
	V. MAILING PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION
	VI. OMNIBUS BUDGET RECONCILIATION ACT OF 1990 (OBRA ’90)
	VII. HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA) OF 1996
	VIII. OPIOID (NARCOTIC) ADDICTION TREATMENT PROGRAMS
	IX. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATIVE AMENDMENTS ACT (FDAAA) OF 2007
	X. RYAN HAIGHT ONLINE PHARMACY CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT OF 2008
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Chapter 64: Reviewing and Dispensing Prescription and Medication Orders
	I. DEFINITIONS
	II. UNDERSTANDING THE PRESCRIPTION OR MEDICATION ORDER AND EVALUATING ITS APPROPRIATENESS
	III. PROCESSING PRESCRIPTIONS AND MEDICATION ORDERS
	IV. DISPENSING MEDICATION AND COUNSELING
	V. PATIENT MONITORING
	Study Questions
	Answers and Explanations
Appendix A: Common Prescription Drugs and Over-the-Counter Products
Appendix B: Prescription Dispensing Information and Metrology
	Prescriptions
	PARTS OF THE PRESCRIPTION
	THE PRESCRIPTION LABEL
	AUXILIARY LABELS
	BEFORE DISPENSING THE PRESCRIPTION
	COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
	Metrology
	THE METRIC, APOTHECARY, AND AVOIRDUPOIS SYSTEMS
	CONVERSION
Appendix C: Reference Charts For Patient Counseling
	DRUGS THAT SHOULD NOT BE CRUSHED
	SUGAR-FREE PRODUCTS
	ALCOHOL-FREE PRODUCTS
	DRUGS THAT MAY CAUSE PHOTOSENSITIVITY
	DRUG/ALCOHOL INTERACTIONS
	DRUG/TOBACCO INTERACTIONS
	USE-IN-PREGNANCY RATINGS
	X: CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY
	D: POSITIVE EVIDENCE OF RISK
	C: RISK CANNOT BE RULED OUT
	B: NO EVIDENCE OF RISK IN HUMANS
	A: CONTROLLED STUDIES SHOW NO RISK
	DRUGS EXCRETED IN BREAST MILK
	LOW POTASSIUM DIET
	REFERENCES
Appendix D: National and State Boards of Pharmacy Contact Information
Appendix E: Budgeting for Drug Information Resources
Index