Comprehensive Neonatal Nursing Care

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Past Contributors to the Fifth Edition......Page 16
Foreword......Page 18
Neonatal Staff Nurse......Page 20
Purpose And Content......Page 21
References......Page 22
Acknowledgments......Page 24
Share: Comprehensive Neonatal Nursing Care......Page 26
Early Fetal Development......Page 27
Placental Development and Function......Page 31
Development of Specific Organs And Structures......Page 33
Fetal Period: Week 9 Through Birth......Page 40
Developmental Risks......Page 41
Case Study......Page 44
Online Resources......Page 45
References......Page 46
National......Page 47
Perinatal Outcomes Indicators......Page 48
Maternal Risk Factors......Page 50
Psychological Stress in Pregnancy......Page 52
Obstetric Factors......Page 53
Assisted Reproductive Technology......Page 54
Unfavorable Healthcare Behaviors......Page 55
Maternal Medical and Obstetric Conditions......Page 58
Postpartum Risk Factors......Page 61
Perinatal Care in Developing Nations......Page 62
Summary......Page 63
Case Study......Page 64
Review of Studies......Page 65
Online Resources......Page 67
References......Page 68
Causes of Cardiorespiratory Depression in the Newborn......Page 75
Preparation for Delivery......Page 76
General Considerations......Page 80
Ventilation and Oxygenation......Page 81
Summary......Page 87
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 88
References......Page 89
First Neonatal Assessment and the APGAR Score......Page 91
Other Considerations for the Initial Neonatal Assessment......Page 92
Components of a Comprehensive History......Page 95
Health Maintenance for High-risk Infants in The First Year Of Life......Page 124
Case Study......Page 126
References......Page 128
Admission......Page 131
Security......Page 132
Circumcision......Page 133
Glucose Homeostasis......Page 134
Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 135
Feeding the Healthy Newborn......Page 138
Nursing Interventions that Promote Successful Breastfeeding......Page 139
Discharge Screening......Page 141
Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening......Page 145
Case Study......Page 146
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 147
Parent Voices......Page 149
References......Page 150
Newborn Pulmonary Physiology and the Onset of Breathing......Page 153
Assessment of the Neonate with Respiratory Distress......Page 157
Common Disorders of the Respiratory System......Page 159
Congenital Anomalies that Affect Respiratory Function......Page 164
Collaborative Management of Infants with Respiratory Disorders......Page 165
Assessment and Monitoring......Page 166
Case Study......Page 167
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 168
Parent Voices......Page 169
References......Page 170
Cardiovascular Adaptation......Page 173
Normal Cardiac Function......Page 174
Cardiac Assessment......Page 175
Cardiac Murmurs......Page 178
Congenital Heart Defects......Page 179
Defects with LV Outflow Obstruction......Page 189
Defects with Abnormal Aortopulmonary Connections......Page 192
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 201
Parent Voices......Page 202
References......Page 203
Embryology......Page 205
Physiology of the GI Tract......Page 206
Tracheal Esophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia......Page 212
Gastroesophageal Reflux......Page 213
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis......Page 216
Intestinal Atresia......Page 218
Intestinal Malrotation......Page 219
Abdominal Wall Defects......Page 220
Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 221
Intestinal Failure and Short Bowel Syndrome......Page 223
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (hirschsprung’s Disease)......Page 225
Small Left Colon......Page 226
Meconium Plug......Page 227
Imperforate Anus/Anorectal Malformation......Page 228
Case Study......Page 229
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 230
Parent Voices......Page 231
References......Page 232
General Principles: The Neonate with a Metabolic Disorder......Page 237
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism......Page 242
Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism......Page 243
Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders......Page 246
Congenital Lactic Acidoses......Page 248
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 249
Lysosomal Disorders......Page 251
Summary......Page 253
Case Study......Page 254
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 255
References......Page 256
Fetal Origins of Adult Disease......Page 259
Posterior Pituitary Disorders......Page 260
Thyroid Gland......Page 261
Congenital Hypothyroidism......Page 262
Transient Disorders of Thyroid Function......Page 264
Adrenal Disorders in the Neonate......Page 266
Genitalia......Page 269
General Principles of Management of Disorders of Sexual Development......Page 270
Disorders of Sexual Development......Page 272
Pancreas......Page 274
Disorders of Pancreas......Page 275
Case Study......Page 277
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 278
References......Page 279
Development of the Immune System......Page 283
Assessment And Management of the Infant with Suspected or Proven Infection......Page 284
Types of Neonatal Infection......Page 288
Case Study......Page 302
Online Resources......Page 304
References......Page 305
Skin Structure and Function......Page 307
Exhibit 12.1......Page 308
Terminology......Page 313
Transient Skin Lesions......Page 314
Skin Care Practices......Page 323
Management of Skin Care Problems......Page 328
Summary......Page 332
References......Page 333
Overview of the Hematologic System......Page 341
Initial Steps in Hemostasis......Page 347
Common Hematologic Disorders......Page 351
Bilirubin Metabolism and Hyperbilirubinemia......Page 355
Anemia......Page 361
Red Blood Cell Destruction and Hemolysis......Page 363
Physiologic Anemia of the Newborn and Anemia of the Premature Infant......Page 366
Common Coagulation Disorders in the Newborn......Page 369
Blood Component Replacement Therapy......Page 374
Case Study......Page 376
References......Page 377
Embryology......Page 381
Musculoskeletal Assessment......Page 382
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita......Page 383
Amniotic Band Syndrome......Page 385
Syndactyly......Page 386
Birth Trauma......Page 387
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip......Page 388
Craniosynostosis......Page 390
Skeletal Dysplasia......Page 392
Thrombocytopenia-absent Radius Syndrome......Page 394
Case Study......Page 395
References......Page 396
CNS Development and Structural Abnormalities......Page 399
General Management......Page 410
Neonatal Seizures......Page 411
Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy......Page 416
Brain Injury in Preterm Infants......Page 420
Birth Injuries......Page 426
Summary......Page 432
Case Study......Page 433
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 436
Parent Voices......Page 437
References......Page 438
Anatomy of the Ear......Page 443
Hearing Impairment......Page 445
Identification of the Hearing-impaired Infant......Page 446
Hereditary Hearing Loss......Page 447
Screening Methods for Identification of Hearing Loss......Page 448
Development of a Treatment Plan for The Hearing-impaired Neonate......Page 450
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 452
References......Page 453
Embryology......Page 455
Assessment and Examination Techniques......Page 456
Neonatal Conjunctivitis......Page 458
Lacrimal Dysfunction......Page 459
Congenital Defects......Page 460
Retinopathy of Prematurity......Page 461
Other Disorders that Affect the Eyes......Page 467
Case Study......Page 468
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 469
References......Page 472
Embryological Development of the Urogenital System......Page 475
Renal Blood Flow......Page 476
Glomerular Filtration Rate......Page 477
Secretion and Reabsorption......Page 478
Physical Assessment......Page 479
Radiological Evaluation......Page 482
Management......Page 483
Circumcision......Page 485
Acute Renal Failure......Page 486
Polycystic Kidney Disease......Page 490
Prune-belly Syndrome (eagle–barrett Syndrome)......Page 491
Exstrophy of the Bladder......Page 493
Renal Vein Thrombosis......Page 494
Obstructive Uropathy......Page 495
Posterior Urethral Valves......Page 496
Inguinal Hernia......Page 497
Nephroblastoma (WILMS’ TUMOR)......Page 499
Summary......Page 500
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 501
References......Page 502
Water......Page 507
Electrolytes......Page 509
Acid–base Balance......Page 516
Case Study......Page 519
References......Page 520
Nutrients......Page 523
Gastrointestinal Function of the Premature Infant......Page 524
Parenteral Nutrition......Page 525
Enteral Nutrition......Page 528
Growth and Growth Charts......Page 530
Postdischarge Nutrition......Page 533
Case Study......Page 534
Quality and Safety......Page 535
Parent Voices......Page 536
References......Page 537
Pediatric Labeling......Page 541
Adverse Drug Effects......Page 542
Developmental Pharmacokinetics......Page 543
Fetal and Infant Exposure to Maternal Medications......Page 546
Medication Administration......Page 547
Evidence-based Practice Box Quality Improvement: Oral Glucose Gel for Neonatal Hypoglycemia......Page 550
References......Page 551
What is Healthcare Simulation?......Page 553
Scenario Development......Page 557
Summary......Page 558
Case Study......Page 559
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 561
References......Page 562
Defining Pain in Infants......Page 565
Clinical Assessment of Pain......Page 566
Management of Neonatal Pain......Page 568
Management of Specific Pain Types......Page 573
Parents......Page 575
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 576
References......Page 577
Historical Overview......Page 583
Ethical Considerations......Page 584
Fetal Therapy: New Horizons......Page 595
Case Study......Page 596
Parent Voices......Page 598
References......Page 599
Transportation of Infants for Surgery......Page 601
Classification of Neonatal Surgery......Page 602
Preparation for Surgery......Page 603
During Surgery......Page 605
Postoperative Care......Page 606
Case Study......Page 608
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 609
References......Page 610
Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases......Page 613
Pattern of Response to Emerging Infections......Page 615
Zika Virus......Page 616
Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 619
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus......Page 620
Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (esbl) Producing Organisms......Page 622
Multidrug-resistant Organisms......Page 623
Combating Emerging Infections......Page 624
Antimicrobial Stewardship......Page 625
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 626
Case Study......Page 627
Quality Assessment and Quality Improvement Activity Box......Page 628
References......Page 629
Liver Transplantation in Infants and Children......Page 637
Indications for Liver Transplantation......Page 638
Estimation Scales of Liver Allocation......Page 639
Preparing The Patient for the Operating Room (or)......Page 640
Types of Liver Transplants......Page 641
Posttransplant Management......Page 642
Heart Transplant......Page 643
Physiology of the Transplanted Heart......Page 644
Renal Transplantation in Infants and Children......Page 645
Intestinal Transplant......Page 646
Pediatric Critical Pathway......Page 647
Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 651
Case Study......Page 653
References......Page 654
Impact of Birth of ELBW Infants......Page 657
Complications of Being ELBW......Page 662
Case Study......Page 670
Parent Voices......Page 671
References......Page 672
Definition......Page 681
Pathophysiologic Immaturity of the Late Preterm Infant......Page 682
Medical and Nursing Care of the Late Preterm Infant......Page 683
Discharge, Follow-up Care, and Rehospitalization of the Late Preterm Infant......Page 684
Case Study......Page 685
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 686
Online Resources......Page 687
History and Epidemiology of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome......Page 689
Diagnosis......Page 690
Management......Page 692
Nonjudgmental Nursing Care of the Mother–infant Dyad......Page 695
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 696
Case Study......Page 697
References......Page 698
Consequences of Prematurity......Page 701
Fetal and Neonatal Central Nervous System Development......Page 702
Fetal and Neonatal Sensory Development......Page 705
Neonatal Neurobehavioral Development......Page 708
Parent Voices......Page 725
Key References......Page 726
Intrauterine Versus Extrauterine Environments......Page 739
Providing a Healing Environment......Page 741
Case Study......Page 748
References......Page 749
Introduction......Page 753
Recommended Readings......Page 757
References......Page 758
Exhibit 34.1......Page 759
What is Trauma?......Page 760
Exhibit 34.3......Page 761
Trauma Stewardship......Page 763
Why is it Important to Reduce the Toxic Stress Associated ith Trauma?......Page 766
Exhibit 34.4......Page 767
Exhibit 34.5......Page 769
Safety and Quality in the NICU—a Call To Action......Page 774
References......Page 776
Introduction......Page 779
Definition of Family......Page 781
Parental Role......Page 782
Parenting During Crisis......Page 783
Promoting Parenting in the NICU......Page 789
Parent and Staff Expectations......Page 798
Siblings......Page 799
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 801
Online Resources......Page 803
References......Page 804
Ethical Obligation to Provide Optimum End-of-life Care......Page 811
Pediatric Palliative Care......Page 814
Case Study......Page 817
References......Page 818
Postdischarge Care for High-risk Infants......Page 821
Care for Parents After Hospital Discharge......Page 829
Summary......Page 838
Case Study......Page 839
Parent Voices......Page 840
References......Page 841
Levels of Care......Page 849
Neonatal Statistics......Page 851
Genetics......Page 852
Palliative and End-of-life Care......Page 853
References......Page 854
Background Information......Page 857
Flow Sheet Replacement and Clinical Monitoring......Page 858
Pharmacy......Page 859
Connectivity Standards and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act......Page 860
Researching is Solutions......Page 862
Evaluation and System Selection......Page 863
Implementation......Page 864
Parent Voices......Page 865
References......Page 866
Introduction......Page 869
Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Tests......Page 871
Chromosomal Analysis......Page 872
Gene and Genome Testing......Page 874
Challenges of Interpreting Genetic or Genomic Tests......Page 875
References......Page 876
The Basis of Evidence-based Neonatal Nursing Practice......Page 879
Models of Evidence-based Quality Improvement......Page 885
Clinical Problems Amenable to Research......Page 890
Current Trends in Neonatal Nursing Research......Page 895
Evidence-based Practice Box......Page 896
References......Page 897
Ethical Principles......Page 899
Managing Ethical Issues: Resolution Strategies......Page 900
Support for the Neonatal Nurse......Page 901
Legal Issues......Page 902
Introduction......Page 905
A Strong Global Voice for Neonatal Nursing......Page 906
South African Example......Page 907
Funding for Nursing Education......Page 908
Parent Voices......Page 909
Online Resources......Page 910
References......Page 911
Introduction......Page 913
Competence and Competency......Page 914
Competency-based Education (CBE)......Page 915
Implications for Neonatal Nursing......Page 917
Continuing Competence......Page 918
International Neonatal Nursing Competencies......Page 919
Summary......Page 920
References......Page 921
Diagnostic Imaging in Infants......Page 923
Types of Diagnostic Imaging......Page 924
Cardiac Procedures......Page 942
Gastrointestinal Procedures......Page 949
Genitourinary Procedures......Page 956
References......Page 957
Introduction......Page 961
Duration......Page 962
References......Page 963
Neutral Thermal Environment......Page 965
References......Page 969
Stabilization by the Referring Facility......Page 973
Transport Team Composition......Page 974
Transport Equipment......Page 975
Exhibit Iv.1......Page 976
References......Page 978
Introduction......Page 981
References......Page 984
Iii. Implementation......Page 987
References......Page 988
Introduction......Page 989
Consensus......Page 990
Creating a Culture of Change......Page 991
Summary......Page 992
References......Page 1002
References......Page 1005
Appendix B: Conversion Table to Standard International (SI) Units......Page 1007
Appendix C: Frequently Used Reference Values and Conversions......Page 1011
Appendix D: International Standards for Newborn Weight, Length, and Head Circumference by Gestational Age and Sex......Page 1013
Index......Page 1017