Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering

Nomenclature......Page 1
Introduction......Page 2
Irreversible Thermodynamics-Phenomenological Transport Model......Page 3
Solution-Diffusion Model......Page 4
Friction Model......Page 5
Finely Porous Model......Page 6
Effect of Pressure......Page 7
Effect of Temperature......Page 8
Effect of pH......Page 9
Experimental Verification of Solute Transport......Page 10
Single-Salt Solutions......Page 12
Mixed-Salt Solutions......Page 13
Organic Solutes and Nonaqueous Solutions......Page 16
Membrane Charge......Page 18
Membrane Fouling and Concentration Polarization Phenomena: Limits of Membrane Processes......Page 19
References......Page 20
Introduction......Page 23
Aromatic polyamide hollow fiber membrane......Page 24
Cross-linked poly ether membrane......Page 25
Low-Pressure Brackish Water Desalination Membrane......Page 26
Brine conversion system......Page 27
Boron removal membrane......Page 29
Low Fouling Membrane for Wastewater Reclamation......Page 30
Integrated Membrane System......Page 31
References......Page 32
Abbreviations......Page 35
Context......Page 36
RO Membranes Characteristics......Page 38
Membrane Fouling and Autopsy......Page 42
Membrane Cleaning......Page 44
Characterization of NOM with LC-OCD chromatography or size-exclusion chromatography......Page 46
Flow cytometry for enumeration of picophytoplankton and bacteria......Page 47
Global measurement of fouling potential......Page 49
Ion content......Page 50
Natural organic matter......Page 51
Correlations between conventional SW quality parameters and advanced analytical tools......Page 52
General presentation of pretreatment processes......Page 53
Performances of pretreatment processes......Page 55
Energy-saving devices......Page 58
PX Pressure Exchangerreg Technology......Page 59
Environmental Impact......Page 60
Conclusion......Page 61
References......Page 62
Nomenclature......Page 66
Introduction......Page 67
The General Physical Problem......Page 69
Total flux......Page 70
Solute Partitioning......Page 71
Dielectric exclusion......Page 73
Statement of the Problem......Page 75
Rejection of single salts in neutral membranes......Page 77
Model Applications......Page 78
Approximated Versions of the DSP&DE Model......Page 82
Parameter-Calculation Procedures......Page 83
Some remarks on the volume membrane charge......Page 85
References......Page 86
Introduction......Page 89
Integrally skinned asymmetric polymeric membranes......Page 90
Commercially available polymeric membranes......Page 91
Ceramic OSN Membranes......Page 93
Commercial ceramic membranes......Page 95
Swelling......Page 96
SEM and Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 97
Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Contact Angle, Surface Charge, and Surface Tension......Page 100
Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Synthesis......Page 101
Food and Beverage......Page 103
Refining......Page 105
References......Page 107
Relevant Websites......Page 109
Ultrafiltration: Fundamentals and Engineering......Page 112
Membranes......Page 113
Modules......Page 114
Flux......Page 117
Mass Transfer Coefficients......Page 119
Single-Pass Operation......Page 120
Batch and Fed-Batch Concentration......Page 121
Batch DF......Page 123
Continuous Operation......Page 124
Data Analysis......Page 125
Batch Configuration Sizing......Page 127
Batch Recovery......Page 128
Process Monitoring and Control......Page 129
Equipment Selection......Page 130
Skid Layout......Page 132
UF Applications......Page 133
References......Page 134
Introduction......Page 137
Separation Mechanism and Associated Transport Phenomena......Page 139
Modeling Membrane Filtration in the Absence of Fouling......Page 142
Fouling: A Brief Overview......Page 143
Modeling Membrane Filtration in the Presence of Fouling......Page 145
Concluding Remarks......Page 148
References......Page 149
Polymeric Membranes for Gas Separation......Page 150
Nomenclature......Page 152
Historical Overview......Page 153
Overall Framework and Key Parameters......Page 154
Permeability Concept......Page 155
Sorption equilibria in rubbery polymers......Page 158
General framework......Page 161
Diffusion in rubbery polymers (elastomers)......Page 162
Constant vs. variable permeability behavior......Page 164
Influence of temperature......Page 165
General Framework: Separation Factor and Trade-Off Curves......Page 167
Membrane Module Design: General Framework and Approximate Analytical Solution......Page 169
Membrane Module Design: Methodology......Page 172
Single module design: Surface and energy requirements......Page 175
Recycling and multi-stage processes......Page 177
Membrane and module structures......Page 179
Industrial module design: From permeability to permeance and effective selectivity......Page 182
Nonisothermal permeation conditions......Page 183
Additional mass transfer resistances......Page 185
Multi-component effects 1: Coupling of the frame of references......Page 186
Multi-component effects 2: Flux coupling and plasticization effects......Page 187
General Features......Page 188
Nitrogen from Air......Page 191
Carbon Dioxide Removal in the Treatment of Natural Gas......Page 193
Volatile Organic Compounds Recovery......Page 194
Rare gases......Page 196
Future Trends and Prospects......Page 197
Tackling chemical reactivity......Page 198
Combining adsorbents and polymers: Mixed matrix membranes......Page 199
Operation modes and module design......Page 200
Conclusions......Page 202
References......Page 203
Membranes for Recovery of Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 208
History of VOC-Selective Membranes......Page 209
Membranes for Organic Vapor Separation......Page 211
Design Criteria......Page 212
Membrane Modules......Page 213
Development of Simulation Tools......Page 214
Description of Multicomponent Permeation......Page 215
Nonideal Thermodynamic Behavior......Page 216
Concentration Polarization......Page 217
Modeling of Membrane Modules......Page 218
General Layout Criteria......Page 222
Gasoline Vapor Recovery......Page 224
Vapor Recovery at Gasoline Stations......Page 226
PE Powder Treatment......Page 230
Polyolefin Production......Page 231
Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Acetate Production......Page 232
Conclusions and Outlook......Page 233
References......Page 234
Introduction......Page 238
Transport Mechanism......Page 240
Permeability and Permselectivity......Page 242
Solubility and Solubility Selectivity......Page 245
Diffusivity and Diffusivity Selectivity......Page 247
Combination of Selectivities......Page 253
Temperature Dependence......Page 254
Experimental Methods......Page 255
Combination of Solubility Selectivity and Diffusivity Selectivity......Page 257
Affinity Control......Page 260
Pore Structure Control......Page 262
Concluding Remarks......Page 263
References......Page 264
Selective Membranes for Purification and Separation of Organic Liquid Mixtures......Page 267
Chemical Design of Separation Membranes......Page 268
Membrane Structures......Page 269
Evapomeation......Page 270
Permeation Equation......Page 271
Solution-Diffusion Model......Page 272
Water/Alcohol-Selective Membranes......Page 273
Alcohol/Water-Selective Membranes......Page 284
Water/Organic-Liquid-Selective Membranes......Page 290
Selective Membranes for Organic Liquid/Water Mixtures......Page 295
Bz/Chx-selective membranes......Page 303
Organic/organic-selective membranes......Page 307
Selective Membranes for Isomers......Page 311
References......Page 313
Supported Liquid Membranes for Pervaporation Processes......Page 319
Fundamentals......Page 320
Membranes for Pervaporation......Page 321
Facilitated Transport......Page 322
Supported Liquid Membranes......Page 323
Supports for Supported Liquid Membranes......Page 324
Stability of Supported Liquid Membranes......Page 325
Theoretical Analysis......Page 326
Applications......Page 328
References......Page 339
Relevant Websites......Page 341
Progress in the Development of Membranes for Kidney-Replacement Therapy......Page 344
Introduction......Page 345
Membrane Requirements in RRT......Page 346
Membrane Materials......Page 347
Cellulose membranes......Page 348
Synthetic polymeric membranes......Page 349
Polysulfone/polyethersulfone/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/ polyamide membranes......Page 350
PAN membranes......Page 351
Membrane Characteristics: Low- and High-Flux Membranes......Page 352
Biocompatibility of Dialysis Membranes......Page 354
Operation Modes of Dialysis Treatment......Page 356
Hemodiafiltration......Page 357
Ultrafiltration Membranes for Dialysate and Infusate Preparations......Page 358
Membrane Formation......Page 359
Winding......Page 361
Integrity test......Page 362
Membrane Description......Page 363
Therapeutic interventions in myeloma-cast nephropathy......Page 365
Recovery from renal failure following FLC removal with HCO dialysis......Page 367
Clinical Investigations with HCO in AKI and Sepsis......Page 368
Background and Motivation......Page 369
Membranes Used for Bioartificial Kidneys......Page 370
Achievements and Perspectives for using Bioartificial Kidneys......Page 373
Status of Stem Cell Therapies for Kidney Disease......Page 375
Technologies and Membranes to Realize Stem Cell Therapies......Page 376
References......Page 378
Electromembrane Processes: Basic Aspects and Applications......Page 384
Nomenclature......Page 385
Properties of Ion-Exchange Membranes......Page 386
Preparation of heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes......Page 387
Preparation of homogeneous ion-exchange membranes......Page 388
Special-property membranes......Page 389
Electric Current in Electrolyte Solutions and Ohm’s Law......Page 390
Ion conductivity, drift speed, and mobility......Page 391
Fluxes and driving force in ion transport......Page 392
The transport number and the membrane permselectivity......Page 393
The Donnan equilibrium and Donnan exclusion......Page 394
Ion-Exchange Membrane Deionization Processes......Page 395
Principle of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes......Page 396
Electrodialysis equipment and process design......Page 398
Electrodialysis process costs......Page 402
Electrodialysis with bipolar membrane system design and process costs......Page 405
Practical applications of electrodialysis......Page 406
Applications of bipolar membrane electrodialysis......Page 410
System components and process design aspects......Page 412
The process principle......Page 414
System design, costs, and application......Page 415
Donnan Dialysis......Page 416
Capacitive Deionization......Page 417
The Chlorine/Alkaline Production......Page 418
Ion-Exchange Membranes in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells......Page 419
References......Page 420
Basic Aspects in Proton-Conducting Membranes for Fuel Cells......Page 423
General Properties of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes......Page 425
Ion Exchange......Page 426
Swelling......Page 427
Water-Vapor Sorption Isotherms in Cross-Linked Polymer Electrolytes......Page 428
General Consideration on Membranes for PEMFCs......Page 430
Thickness of the Membranes......Page 431
Preparation......Page 432
Nafion morphology......Page 433
Water-vapor sorption isotherms of Nafion......Page 434
Curves T/nc......Page 437
Water uptake and tensile modulus......Page 439
Instability maps for proton conductivity......Page 441
Oxide-filled membranes......Page 442
Zirconium-phosphate-filled membranes......Page 444
Some Information on Dow and on Recent Hyflon Ionreg Ionomers......Page 445
Poly(ether ketone)s......Page 446
Poly(sulfone)s......Page 447
Poly(imide)s......Page 448
Sulfonated Block Copolymers......Page 449
Polybenzimidazole......Page 450
Poly(phosphazene)s......Page 451
Some Final Remarks......Page 452
References......Page 453