Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 48: Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring

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1.pdf......Page 2
2.pdf......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
4.pdf......Page 19
5.pdf......Page 22
6.pdf......Page 24
Introduction......Page 26
Calibration in Solid Phase Microextraction......Page 29
Equilibrium extraction......Page 30
Exhaustive extraction......Page 31
Pre-equilibrium extraction......Page 32
Calibration based on first-order reaction rate constant......Page 33
Diffusion......Page 35
Diffusion-based rapid SPME......Page 38
Time-weighted average passive sampling......Page 46
SPME field sampler......Page 51
References......Page 54
Introduction......Page 56
The Context: Why Develop Passive air Sampling Techniques for POPs?......Page 58
What Approaches can be used?......Page 61
The Choice of Sampler Designs: Features, Advantages and Potential Problems......Page 63
Low-capacity sampling: polymer-coated glass......Page 65
Medium-capacity sampling devices: polyurethane foam disks......Page 66
High-capacity sampling devices: semipermeable membrane devices and XAD-2 resin......Page 67
POGs: case studies and applications......Page 69
SPMDs: case studies and applications......Page 70
PUF disks: case studies and applications......Page 72
XAD-2 resin: case studies and applications......Page 74
Future Improvements and Needs for PAS for POPs......Page 75
References......Page 76
The Applicability of Passive Sampling for Chemical Exposure Assessment......Page 80
Passive Sampling, Basic Theory......Page 81
Standards for Evaluation of Passive Samplers......Page 83
Sampler Designs for Passive Sampling-Thermal Desorption Analysis......Page 84
Thermal Desorption......Page 87
Adsorbents......Page 90
Analytical Equipment for Thermal Desorption......Page 92
Applications using Passive Sampling-thermal Desorption-gas Chromatography for Exposure Assessment; Examples and Trends......Page 93
Possible Limitations/Sources of error when using Passive Sampling-Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography......Page 95
Self-Assessment of Exposure......Page 97
Selecting a suitable adsorbent for the analytes of interest......Page 99
Minimising artefacts......Page 100
Personal (individual) exposure assessment......Page 101
References......Page 102
Introduction......Page 107
Theory......Page 108
Membrane......Page 110
Design of the Permeation Passive Sampler......Page 113
Determination of the Calibration Constants of Gut Permeation Passive Samplers with Silicone Membranes Based on Physico-chemical Properties of the Analytes......Page 114
Number of carbon atoms......Page 117
Boiling point temperature......Page 118
Linear temperature-programmed retention index system......Page 120
Application of GUT permeation passive samplers in indoor air analysis......Page 125
Conclusion......Page 126
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 129
Theory......Page 130
Preparation and design of the MESCO samplers......Page 132
Generation of the standard gas mixtures and calibration of the samplers......Page 133
Thermodesorption/GC-MS analysis......Page 136
Laboratory exposure experiments......Page 138
Comparison of the different MESCO types......Page 140
On-site exposure experiments......Page 141
References......Page 144
Introduction......Page 146
Estimating Air Concentrations......Page 147
Environmental Factors......Page 152
Conclusions......Page 154
References......Page 155
Introduction......Page 159
Basic Concepts and Models for SPMDs......Page 160
Model Application to other Passive Samplers......Page 164
Validity of the Model Assumptions......Page 165
Water Boundary Layer Resistance......Page 167
Membrane Resistance......Page 170
Biofouling Layer......Page 174
Other Intermediate Phases......Page 175
Static exposure design......Page 176
Static renewal design......Page 177
Continuous flow design......Page 178
In situ calibration......Page 179
Conclusion and Outlook......Page 180
References......Page 182
Introduction......Page 188
POCIS description and rationale......Page 190
Theory and Modeling......Page 193
Use and processing......Page 199
Data quality consideration......Page 200
Application of POCIS for pharmaceutical monitoring in the United States......Page 202
Comparison of POCIS and traditional sampling for wastewater monitoring......Page 203
Application of POCIS for pesticide monitoring in Denmark......Page 204
Application of POCIS for pharmaceutical monitoring in the United Kingdom......Page 206
Development of the PRC approach in POCIS......Page 209
Determination of sampling rate and kinetic data for chemicals of interest......Page 211
Conclusions......Page 212
References......Page 213
Concept of Chemcatcher......Page 215
Receiving phases......Page 216
Diffusion membranes......Page 217
Reusable sampler body prototype......Page 219
Disposable sampler body prototype......Page 221
Theory......Page 222
Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants......Page 223
Calibration data......Page 224
Performance reference compound concept......Page 226
Empirical uptake rate model......Page 227
Estimation of in situ TWA concentrations......Page 228
Integrative sampler......Page 229
Short pollution event detector......Page 231
Sampling of Metals......Page 232
Pan-European field trials to compare the performances of the Chemcatcher and spot sampling in monitoring the quality of river water......Page 233
Monitoring pesticide runoff in Brittany, France......Page 235
Field trial in the River Meuse in The Netherlands......Page 236
Field trial in the estuary of the River Ribble in the United Kingdom......Page 238
Comparison of the Performance of the Chemcatcher with that of other Sampling Devices......Page 239
Acknowledgments......Page 242
References......Page 243
Introduction......Page 246
Passive uptake Model for Mesco Sampler......Page 247
PDMS-coated stir bar enclosed in a dialysis membrane bag (MESCO I)......Page 248
Silicone material enclosed in an LDPE membrane (MESCO II)......Page 249
Laboratory-Derived Sampling Rates of the Various MESCO Formats......Page 250
Sampling site......Page 252
Sampler deployment and retrieval......Page 254
Accumulated amount of water pollutants......Page 255
In situ exchange kinetics from PRC offload......Page 257
Sampling-mode considerations......Page 258
Comparison of MESCO I with SPMD......Page 260
Field trials with MESCO II—first results......Page 261
References......Page 263
Introduction......Page 265
Gel preparation......Page 267
Alternative binding agents......Page 268
DGT principles......Page 270
Potential sources of error when using DGT......Page 271
Elution efficiency......Page 272
Ionic strength......Page 273
Diffusive boundary layer......Page 275
Analytes......Page 277
Kinetics......Page 279
Speciation......Page 280
Bioavailability......Page 285
The use of DGT as a routine monitoring tool......Page 287
Conclusion......Page 288
References......Page 289
Introduction......Page 293
Porosity and inertness......Page 294
Thickness......Page 295
Sorbent material......Page 296
Determination of time-weighted average chemical concentrations......Page 297
Preparation of the ceramic dosimeter for field application......Page 299
Sampling rates......Page 300
Detection limits......Page 301
Long-term stability......Page 303
Example of Field Results and Future Work......Page 304
References......Page 306
Introduction......Page 308
VOCs in ground-water at the ground-water/surface-water interface......Page 312
VOCs in ground-water in monitoring wells......Page 315
Conclusions......Page 319
References......Page 320
Introduction......Page 323
SPMD rationale and applicability......Page 324
Pre-exposure considerations......Page 327
SPMD storage considerations......Page 334
Precautions/procedures during deployment and retrieval of SPMDs......Page 335
Quality Control......Page 337
References......Page 339
Introduction......Page 341
Time-integrated sampling......Page 342
Batch techniques......Page 343
Negligble Cw depletion......Page 344
Batch renewal......Page 345
Partition-controlled delivery......Page 346
Partition-controlled delivery in a flow-through vessel......Page 347
In Situ Methods......Page 350
Pumping systems......Page 351
Sorbents......Page 352
Grab sampling validation methods......Page 353
References......Page 358
Introduction......Page 362
Principles in Soils and Sediments......Page 363
Modelling Interactions of DGT with Soils and Sediments......Page 366
Practicalities for deployments in soils......Page 369
Soil dynamics......Page 370
Biological mimicry......Page 372
Sediments......Page 376
Practicalities for deployments in sediments......Page 377
Analyte distributions from gel slicing......Page 378
Direct measurements of analytes in the binding layer......Page 380
Sources of localised maxima......Page 382
References......Page 383
Introduction......Page 388
Petrex Passive Soil Gas and Sediment Vapour Sampling System......Page 389
Gore™ Modules for Passive Soil Gas Collection......Page 390
Emflux® Passive Soil Gas Sampling System......Page 391
Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Passive Sampling in Sediment Pore-Water......Page 392
Solid-Phase Microextraction Devices for Passive Sampling in Soil and Sediment......Page 393
Conclusion......Page 397
References......Page 398
Introduction......Page 400
Concepts and Examples for Linking Passive Sampling of Groundwater with Toxicological Analysis......Page 401
The toximeter......Page 403
Toxicological analysis of solvent extracts obtained from passive sampling devices......Page 408
Potential Future Approaches......Page 410
References......Page 411
Introduction......Page 413
General......Page 414
Passive samplers......Page 415
Objectives......Page 418
Deployment of mussels......Page 420
Sample processing......Page 422
Deployment of passive samplers......Page 423
QA data......Page 425
Passive sampling, analytical aspects......Page 428
Partition coefficients......Page 430
Mussels......Page 431
Analytical precision of sampling rate......Page 432
Artefacts in sampling rates......Page 434
Results for RS......Page 436
Passive sampling and aqueous concentrations......Page 437
Concentrations in water and mussels......Page 438
Equilibrium or uptake phase......Page 440
BAF values......Page 444
Variability for station and season......Page 445
Variability over time......Page 447
Average BAF values......Page 448
Usefulness of PS in Monitoring......Page 450
GLOSSARY: Compounds short and full names......Page 452
References......Page 453
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