Composite Materials: Mechanics, Manufacturing and Modeling

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 What Is a Composite?
	1.2 Why Composites?
	1.3 History of Composites
	1.4 Classification of Composites
		1.4.1 Fiber-Reinforced Composites
		1.4.2 Laminated Composites
			1.4.2.1 Bimetals
			1.4.2.2 Clad Metals
			1.4.2.3 Laminated Glass
			1.4.2.4 Plastic-Based Laminates
		1.4.3 Particulate Composites
			1.4.3.1 Nonmetallic Particles in Nonmetallic Matrix
			1.4.3.2 Metallic Particles in Nonmetallic Matrix
			1.4.3.3 Metallic Particles in Metallic Matrix
			1.4.3.4 Nonmetallic Particles in Metallic Matrix
		1.4.4 Combination of Composites
	1.5 Nanomaterials
	1.6 Applications of Composite Materials
		1.6.1 Aerospace Applications
		1.6.2 Missile Applications
		1.6.3 Launch Vehicle Applications
		1.6.4 Railways
		1.6.5 Sports Equipment
		1.6.6 Automotives
		1.6.7 Infrastructure
		1.6.8 Medical Applications
		1.6.9 Renewables
	References
Chapter 2 Materials
	2.1 Fibers
	2.2 Types of Fibers
	2.3 Natural Fibers
		2.3.1 Silk Fiber
		2.3.2 Wool Fiber
		2.3.3 Spider Silk
		2.3.4 Sinew Fiber
		2.3.5 Camel Hair
		2.3.6 Cotton Fiber
		2.3.7 Jute Fiber
		2.3.8 Kenaf Fiber
		2.3.9 Hemp Fiber
		2.3.10 Flax Fiber
		2.3.11 Ramie Fiber
		2.3.12 Sisal Fiber
		2.3.13 Bamboo Fiber
		2.3.14 Maize (Corn) Fiber
		2.3.15 Coir Fiber
		2.3.16 Banana Fiber
		2.3.17 Kapok Fiber
		2.3.18 Abaca Fiber
		2.3.19 Raffia Palm Fiber
		2.3.20 Sugarcane Fiber
		2.3.21 Asbestos Fiber
		2.3.22 Glass Wool
		2.3.23 Rock Wool
		2.3.24 Ceramic Wool
	2.4 Advanced Fibers
		2.4.1 Boron Fiber
		2.4.2 Carbon Fiber
			2.4.2.1 Fabrication of C Fiber Using PAN
			2.4.2.2 Fabrication of C Fiber Using Pitch
		2.4.3 Glass Fiber
		2.4.4 Aramid (Kevlar) Fiber
	2.5 Woven Fabric
	2.6 Matrices
		2.6.1 Polymer Matrix Composite
		2.6.2 Metal Matrix Composites
		2.6.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites
		2.6.4 Carbon–Carbon Composites
	2.7 Fiber Surface Treatment
		2.7.1 Graphite Fiber Treatment
		2.7.2 Glass Fiber Treatment
		2.7.3 Polymer Fiber Treatment
	2.8 Fiber Content, Density, and Void Content
	2.9 Load Transfer Mechanism
	Reference
Chapter 3 Manufacturing Techniques
	3.1 Polymer Matrix Composites
		3.1.1 Thermoset Matrix Composites
			3.1.1.1 Hand LayUp and Spray Techniques
			3.1.1.2 Filament Winding
			3.1.1.3 Autoclave Curing
			3.1.1.4 Vacuum Bagging Process
			3.1.1.5 Pultrusion
			3.1.1.6 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)
		3.1.2 Thermoplastic Matrix Composites
			3.1.2.1 Film Stacking
			3.1.2.2 Diaphragm Forming
			3.1.2.3 Thermoplastic Tape Laying
			3.1.2.4 Sheet Molding Compound
	3.2 Metal Matrix Composites
		3.2.1 Liquid-State Processes
			3.2.1.1 Casting or Liquid Infiltration
			3.2.1.2 Squeeze Casting
			3.2.1.3 Centrifugal Casting
			3.2.1.4 Spray Forming
		3.2.2 Solid-State Processes
			3.2.2.1 Diffusion Bonding
			3.2.2.2 Deformation Processing
			3.2.2.3 Powder Processing
			3.2.2.4 Sinter Forging
			3.2.2.5 Deposition Techniques
		3.2.3 In Situ Processes
	3.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites
		3.3.1 Cold Pressing and Sintering
		3.3.2 Hot Pressing
		3.3.3 Reaction Bonding
		3.3.4 Infiltration
			3.3.4.1 Liquid Infiltration
			3.3.4.2 Gaseous Infiltration
		3.3.5 Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis
	3.4 Miscellaneous Techniques
		3.4.1 Resin Film Infusion
		3.4.2 Elastic Reservoir Molding
		3.4.3 Tube Rolling
		3.4.4 Compocasting
		3.4.5 Spark Plasma Sintering
		3.4.6 Vortex Addition Technique
		3.4.7 Pressureless Infiltration Process
		3.4.8 Ultrasonic Infiltration
		3.4.9 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		3.4.10 Physical Vapor Deposition
			3.4.10.1 Conventional Sputtering
			3.4.10.2 Ion Beam Sputtering
	3.5 Basics of Curing
		3.5.1 Degree of Curing
		3.5.2 Curing Cycle
		3.5.3 Viscosity
		3.5.4 Resin Flow
		3.5.5 Consolidation
		3.5.6 Gel-Time Test
		3.5.7 Shrinkage
		3.5.8 Voids
	References
Chapter 4 Mechanics of Composites
	4.1 Laminae
	4.2 Laminates
	4.3 Tensors
	4.4 Deformation
	4.5 Strain
	4.6 Stress
	4.7 Equilibrium
	4.8 Boundary Conditions
		4.8.1 Tractions
		4.8.2 Free Surface Boundary Conditions
	4.9 Continuity Conditions
		4.9.1 Displacement Continuity
		4.9.2 Traction Continuity
	4.10 Compatibility
	4.11 Constitutive Equations
	4.12 Plane Stress
	4.13 Plane Strain
	4.14 Generalized Plane Problems
	4.15 Strain Energy Density
	4.16 Minimum Principles
		4.16.1 Minimum Potential Energy
		4.16.2 Minimum Complementary Energy
		4.16.3 Bounds and Uniqueness
	4.17 Effective Property Concept
	4.18 Generalized Hooke’s Law
	4.19 Material Symmetry
		4.19.1 Monoclinic Material
		4.19.2 Orthotropic Material
		4.19.3 Transversely Isotropic Material
		4.19.4 Isotropic Material
	References
Chapter 5 Linear Elastic Stress–Strain Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
	5.1 Stresses and Deformation
	5.2 Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Theorem
	5.3 Material Properties Relationship
	5.4 Typical Properties of Materials
	5.5 Interpretation of Stress–Strain Relations
	5.6 Free Thermal Strains
	5.7 Effect of Free Thermal Strains on Stress–Strain Relations
	5.8 Effect of Free Moisture Strains on Stress–Strain Relations
	References
Chapter 6 Micromechanics
	6.1 Volume and Mass Fractions
		6.1.1 Volume Fractions
		6.1.2 Mass Fractions
	6.2 Density
	6.3 Void Content
	6.4 Evaluation of Elastic Moduli
		6.4.1 Strength-of-Materials Approach
			6.4.1.1 Model for E[sub(1)] and v[sub(12)]
			6.4.1.2 Model for E[sub(2)]
			6.4.1.3 Model for G[sub(12)]
		6.4.2 Semi-Empirical Models
			6.4.2.1 Longitudinal Young’s Modulus
			6.4.2.2 Transverse Young’s Modulus
			6.4.2.3 In-plane Shear Modulus
		6.4.3 Elasticity Approach
			6.4.3.1 Tension in Fiber Direction
			6.4.3.2 Axial Shear
	References
Chapter 7 Plane Stress Assumption
	7.1 Stresses and Strains under Plane Stress Condition
	7.2 Numerical Results
	7.3 Effects of Free Thermal and Free Moisture Strains
	References
Chapter 8 Global Coordinate System: Plane Stress Stress–Strain Relations
	8.1 Transformation Equations
	8.2 Transformed Reduced Compliance
	8.3 Transformed Reduced Stiffnesses
	8.4 Engineering Properties in Global Coordinates
	8.5 Mutual Influence Coefficients
	8.6 Free Thermal and Moisture Strains
	8.7 Effects of Free Thermal and Moisture Strains on Plane Stress Stress–Strain Relations in Global Coordinate System
	References
Chapter 9 Classical Lamination Theory
	9.1 Laminate Nomenclature
	9.2 The Kirchhoff Hypothesis
	9.3 Effects of the Kirchhoff Hypothesis
	9.4 Laminate Strains
	9.5 Laminate Stresses
	9.6 Stress Distributions
		9.6.1 [0/90][sup(s)] Laminate Subjected to Known e[sup(0)][sub(x)]
		9.6.2 [0/90][sup(s)] Laminate Subjected to Known k[sup(0)][sub(x)]
	9.7 Force and Moment Resultants
	References
Chapter 10 The ABD Matrix
	10.1 Force and Moment Resultants
	10.2 The ABD Matrix
	10.3 Classification of Laminates
		10.3.1 Symmetric Laminates
		10.3.2 Balanced Laminates
		10.3.3 Symmetric Balanced Laminates
		10.3.4 Cross-Ply Laminates
		10.3.5 Symmetric Cross-Ply Laminates
	References
Chapter 11 Failure Theories for Composite Materials
	11.1 Theories of Failure
	11.2 Hill’s Theory of Failure
	11.3 Tsai–Hill Theory of Failure
	11.4 Hoffman Theory of Failure
	11.5 Maximum Stress Failure Theory
	11.6 Maximum Strain Theory
	11.7 The Tsai–Wu Failure Criterion
	11.8 Hashin Theory
	References
Chapter 12 Mechanics of Short-Fiber-Reinforced Composites
	12.1 Notation
	12.2 Average Properties
	12.3 Theoretical Models
		12.3.1 Cox Shear-Lag Model
		12.3.2 Eshelby’s Equivalent Inclusion
		12.3.3 Dilute Eshelby’s Model
		12.3.4 Mori–Tanaka Model
		12.3.5 Chow Model
		12.3.6 Modified Halpin–Tsai or Finegan Model
		12.3.7 Hashin–Shtrikman Model
		12.3.8 Lielens Model
		12.3.9 Self-Consistent Model
	12.4 Fast Fourier Transform Numerical Homogenization Methods
		12.4.1 FFT-Based Homogenization Method
		12.4.2 Implementation of FFT-Based Homogenization Method
	References
Chapter 13 Toughness of Composite Materials
	13.1 Basics
	13.2 Interfacial Fracture
	13.3 Work of Fracture
		13.3.1 Deformation of Matrix
		13.3.2 Fiber Fracture
		13.3.3 Interfacial Debonding
		13.3.4 Frictional Sliding and Fiber Pullout
		13.3.5 Effect of Microstructure
	13.4 Subcritical Crack Growth
		13.4.1 Fatigue
		13.4.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking
	References
Chapter 14 Interlaminar Stresses
	14.1 Finite-Width Coupon
	14.2 Equilibrium Considerations
	14.3 Interlaminar F[sup(xy)] Shear Force
		14.3.1 Uniform Strain Loading
		14.3.2 Curvature Loading
	14.4 Interlaminar M[sup(z)] Moment
		14.4.1 Uniform Strain Loading
		14.4.2 Curvature Loading
	14.5 Interlaminar F[sup(zx)] Shear Force
		14.5.1 Uniform Strain Loading
		14.5.2 Curvature Loading
	References
Chapter 15 Laminated Plates
	15.1 Governing Equations
	15.2 Governing Equations (In Displacement Form)
	15.3 Simplification of Governing Equations
		15.3.1 Symmetric Laminates
		15.3.2 Symmetric Balanced Laminates
		15.3.3 Symmetric Cross-Ply Laminates
	References
Chapter 16 Viscoelastic and Dynamic Behavior of Composites
	16.1 Viscoelastic Behavior of Composites
		16.1.1 Boltzmann Superposition Integral
		16.1.2 Spring–Dashpot Models
		16.1.3 Quasi-Elastic Approach
		16.1.4 Complex Modulus
		16.1.5 Elastic–Viscoelastic Correspondence Principle
	16.2 Dynamic Behavior
		16.2.1 Longitudinal Wave Propagation
		16.2.2 Flexural Vibration
		16.2.3 Damping Analysis
	References
Chapter 17 Mechanical Testing of Composites
	17.1 Societies for Testing Standards
	17.2 Objectives of Mechanical Testing
	17.3 Effect of Anisotropy
	17.4 Nature and Quality of Data
	17.5 Samples and Specimen for Testing
	17.6 Miscellaneous Issues with Testing
	17.7 Primary Properties
		17.7.1 Microscopy
		17.7.2 Ultrasonic Inspection
		17.7.3 X-Ray Inspection
		17.7.4 Thermography
	17.8 Physical Properties
		17.8.1 Density
		17.8.2 Fiber Volume Fraction
		17.8.3 Void Content
		17.8.4 Moisture Content
	17.9 Tensile and Compressive Testing
		17.9.1 Rosette Principle
		17.9.2 Tensile Test
		17.9.3 Compression Test
	17.10 Shear Testing
		17.10.1 Two-Rail Shear Test
		17.10.2 Three-Rail Shear Test
	References
Index