Composite Materials Design and Applications

tx846_fm.pdf......Page 1
COMPOSITE MATERIALS: DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS......Page 2
PREFACE......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PART I.  PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION......Page 13
WHAT IS COMPOSITE MATERIAL?......Page 14
Table of Contents......Page 0
Fibers......Page 15
Relative Importance of Different Fibers in Applications......Page 16
WHAT CAN BE MADE USING COMPOSITE MATERIALS?......Page 18
PRINCIPAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 20
Compression Molding......Page 27
Molding with Vacuum......Page 29
Molding by Injection of Premixed......Page 30
Molding of Components of Revolution......Page 31
Sheet Forming......Page 32
Preforming by Three-Dimensional Assembly......Page 33
Acronyms......Page 34
Cost Comparison......Page 37
ISOTROPY AND ANISOTROPY......Page 38
Isotropic Materials......Page 40
Anisotropic Material......Page 41
Fiber Mass Fraction......Page 42
Mass Density of a Ply......Page 43
Elastic Modulus......Page 44
Ultimate Strength of a Ply......Page 47
Examples......Page 48
Examples of ÏHigh PerformanceÓ Unidirectional Plies......Page 49
Forms of Woven Fabric......Page 50
Elastic Modulus of Fabric Layer......Page 51
Examples of Balanced Fabrics/Epoxy......Page 52
Mats......Page 53
Spherical Fillers......Page 54
Other Reinforcements......Page 55
MULTIDIMENSIONAL FABRICS......Page 57
METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES......Page 59
TESTS......Page 60
WHAT IS A SANDWICH STRUCTURE?......Page 62
Stresses......Page 63
Displacements......Page 64
Comparison of Mass Based on Equivalent Flexural Rigidity (EI)......Page 66
Global Buckling......Page 67
Other Types of Damage......Page 68
Honeycomb: An Example of Core Material......Page 69
Processing Aspects......Page 70
NONDESTRUCTIVE QUALITY CONTROL......Page 72
DESIGN OF A COMPOSITE PIECE......Page 77
Guidelines for Values for Predesign......Page 78
Unidirectional Layers and Fabrics......Page 80
Normalized Orientation......Page 81
Description of Plies......Page 83
Midplane Symmetry......Page 84
Particular Cases of Balanced Fabrics......Page 85
Arrangement of Plies......Page 86
Damages......Page 88
Most Frequently Used Criterion: HillÒTsai Failure Criterion......Page 90
How to Determine......Page 91
Modulus of Elasticity. Deformation of a Laminate......Page 93
Case of Simple Loading......Page 94
Case of Complex Loading Û Approximate Orientation Distribution of a Laminate......Page 98
Case of Complex Loading: Optimum Composition of a Laminate......Page 108
Practical Remarks: Particularities of the Behavior of Laminates......Page 116
RIVETING AND BOLTING......Page 122
Recommended Values......Page 124
Bolting......Page 127
BONDING......Page 129
Adhesives Used......Page 130
Geometry of the Bonded Joints......Page 131
Sizing of Bonded Surfaces......Page 132
INSERTS......Page 138
Composite Components in Aircraft......Page 141
Glass/Epoxy, Kevlar/Epoxy......Page 142
Honeycombs......Page 143
A Few Remarks......Page 144
Large Carriers......Page 145
How to evaluate the gains:......Page 146
Regional Jets......Page 150
Light Aircraft......Page 152
Fighter Aircraft......Page 154
Architecture of Composite Parts in Aircraft......Page 157
Elements of Braking......Page 161
The Future......Page 164
The Situation......Page 166
Blades......Page 167
Consequences......Page 168
Yoke Rotor......Page 169
Evolution of the Yoke Rotors......Page 171
Other Composite Working Components......Page 172
PROPELLER BLADES FOR AIRPLANES......Page 173
TURBINE BLADES IN COMPOSITES......Page 176
SPACE APPLICATIONS......Page 177
Pressure Vessels......Page 178
Nozzles......Page 180
For Thermal Protection......Page 182
For Energy Storage......Page 183
Evaluation and Evolution......Page 187
Chassis Components......Page 193
Suspension Components......Page 195
Mechanical Pieces......Page 196
Multishell Sail Boats......Page 199
Ships......Page 200
Skis......Page 202
Wind Turbines......Page 204
Tubes for Off-Shore Installations......Page 206
Telepherique Cabin......Page 208
Part II. MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LAMINATED MATERIALS......Page 210
Continuum Mechanics......Page 211
Number of Distinct......Page 212
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS......Page 213
TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS......Page 214
LONGITUDINAL MODULUS......Page 216
POISSON COEFFICIENT......Page 218
TRANSVERSE MODULUS......Page 219
SHEAR MODULUS......Page 221
Case of Unidirectional Composite......Page 222
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion along the Direction......Page 223
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion along the Transverse Direction......Page 224
Thermomechanical Behavior of a Unidirectional Layer......Page 225
COMPLIANCE COEFFICIENTS......Page 226
STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS......Page 231
Compliance Coefficients......Page 232
Stiffness Coefficients......Page 235
Loadings......Page 237
Displacement Field......Page 238
Consequence: Practical Determination of a Laminate Subject to Membrane Loading......Page 241
Principle of Calculation......Page 242
Calculation Procedure......Page 243
Displacement Fields......Page 246
Loadings......Page 247
Simplified Calculation for Flexure......Page 251
Membrane Behavior......Page 253
Coupled MembraneÒFlexure Behavior......Page 256
Case of Thermomechanical Loading......Page 257
Part III. JUSTIFICATIONS, COMPOSITE BEAMS, AND THICK PLATES......Page 259
ELASTIC COEFFICIENTS IN AN ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL......Page 260
ELASTIC COEFFICIENTS FOR A TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIAL......Page 263
Problem......Page 265
Technical Form......Page 270
CASE OF A PLY......Page 271
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL: VON MISES CRITERION......Page 273
Case of a Transversely Isotropic Material......Page 277
Case of a Unidirectional Ply Under In-Plane Loading......Page 279
Tension and Compression Resistance......Page 280
Shear Strength......Page 282
FLEXURE OF SYMMETRIC BEAMS WITH ISOTROPIC PHASES......Page 283
Equivalent Stiffness......Page 284
Elastic Center......Page 285
Transverse Displacement along z Direction......Page 286
Strains......Page 287
Equilibrium Relations......Page 288
Constitutive Relations......Page 290
Expression for the Normal Stresses......Page 292
Shear Stress Expression......Page 293
Energy Due to Normal Stresses......Page 297
Energy Due to Shear Stresses......Page 298
Extension to the Dynamic Case......Page 299
CASE OF ANY CROSS SECTION (ASYMMETRIC)......Page 301
Torsional Degree of Freedom......Page 307
Constitutive Relation......Page 308
Conditions at the External Boundary......Page 309
Uniqueness of the Function......Page 310
Energy Interpretation......Page 311
LOCATION OF THE TORSION CENTER......Page 312
Transverse Shear Stresses......Page 317
Hypotheses......Page 318
DISPLACEMENT FIELD......Page 320
Membrane Equations......Page 322
Bending Behavior......Page 323
Transverse Shear Equation......Page 325
Equilibrium in Bending......Page 326
Plane Stresses Due to Bending......Page 327
Characterization of the Bending, Warping Increments......Page 328
Particular Cases......Page 329
Consequences......Page 331
Warping Functions......Page 332
Consequences......Page 333
EXAMPLES......Page 336
Homogeneous Orthotropic Plate......Page 337
Sandwich Plate......Page 338
Warping Functions......Page 339
Transverse Shear Coefficients......Page 340
Part IV. APPLICATIONS......Page 341
Simply Supported Sandwich Beam......Page 342
Poisson Coefficient of a Unidirectional Layer......Page 344
Helicopter Blade......Page 346
Transmission Shaft for Trucks......Page 352
Flywheel in Carbon/Epoxy......Page 357
Wing Tip Made of Carbon/Epoxy......Page 359
Carbon Fiber Coated with Nickel......Page 370
Tube Made of Glass/Epoxy under Pressure......Page 373
Filament Wound Vessel, Winding Angle......Page 376
Filament Wound Reservoir, Taking the Heads into Account......Page 378
Determination of the Volume Fraction of Fibers by Pyrolysis......Page 382
Lever Arm Made of Carbon/PEEK Unidirectional and Short Fibers......Page 383
Telegraphic Mast in Glass/Resin......Page 386
Unidirectional Ply of HR Carbon......Page 390
Manipulator Arm of Space Shuttle......Page 391
Sandwich Beam: Simplified Calculation of the Shear Coefficient......Page 396
Procedure for Calculation of a Laminate......Page 398
Kevlar/Epoxy Laminates: Evolution of Stiffness Depending on the Direction of the Load......Page 401
Residual Thermal Stresses due to Curing of the Laminate......Page 404
Thermoelastic Behavior of a Tube Made of Filament- Wound Glass/ Polyester......Page 407
Polymeric Tube Under Thermal Load and Creep......Page 410
First Ply Failure of a LaminateÛUltimate Rupture......Page 416
Optimum Laminate for Isotropic Stress State......Page 420
Laminate Made of Identical Layers of Balanced Fabric......Page 424
Wing Spar in Carbon/Epoxy......Page 427
Determination of the Elastic Characteristics of a Carbon/Epoxy Unidirectional Layer from Tensile Test......Page 434
Sailboat Shell in Glass/Polyester......Page 435
Determination of the In-Plane Shear Modulus of a Balanced Fabric Ply......Page 441
Quasi-Isotropic Laminate......Page 442
Orthotropic Plate in Pure Torsion......Page 445
Plate Made by Resin Transfer Molding (R.T.M.)......Page 448
Thermoelastic Behavior of a Balanced Fabric Ply......Page 454
Cylindrical Bonding......Page 463
Double Bonded Joint......Page 468
Composite Beam with Two Layers......Page 473
Buckling of a Sandwich Beam......Page 476
Shear Due to Bending in a Sandwich Beam......Page 480
Column Made of Stretched Polymer......Page 484
Cylindrical Bending of a Thick Orthotropic Plate under Uniform Loading......Page 492
Bending of a Sandwich Plate......Page 494
Bending Vibration of a Sandwich Beam......Page 496
CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH PLY......Page 500
Rectangular Panels......Page 513
Buckling of Orthotropic Tubes......Page 519
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 521