Complete Textbook of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine on CD-ROM

Anaesthesia and intensive care medicine on CD-ROM......Page 1
How to use this CD-ROM......Page 2
Our other journals......Page 3
Anatomy......Page 4
Abdominal wall and inguinal region......Page 5
Anatomy of tracheostomy and laryngotomy......Page 6
Autonomic nervous system......Page 7
Axilla......Page 8
Central nervous system......Page 9
Cervical and brachial plexuses......Page 11
Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae......Page 12
Cranial Nerves: Part I......Page 13
Cranial Nerves: Part II......Page 15
Cubital Fossa......Page 17
Diaphragm, its actions and innervation......Page 18
Eye and orbit......Page 19
The great vessels of the thorax, abdoment and neck......Page 20
Heart......Page 22
Joints and Ligaments of the vertebral column......Page 25
Large veins of the neck......Page 23
Larynx......Page 24
Lumbar, sacral and coccygeal plexuses......Page 26
Lungs and their relations......Page 27
Mouth, nose and pharynx......Page 29
Pericardium......Page 30
Ribs and intercostal spaces......Page 31
Sacrum and sacral hiatus......Page 33
Segmental bronchi and structure of the lung......Page 34
Spinal nerves and dermatomes......Page 35
Sympathetic trunk and stellate ganglion......Page 36
Thoracic inlet and first rib......Page 37
Trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi......Page 38
Veins of the lower limb......Page 39
Cardiac......Page 40
Anaesthesia for 'off-pump' cardiac surgery......Page 41
Anaesthesia for patients with cardiac disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery......Page 42
Management of cardiopulmonary bypass......Page 44
Anaesthesia for cardiothoracic transplantation and ventricular assist devices......Page 46
Echocardiography in cardiac anaesthesia and intensive care......Page 48
Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation......Page 50
Rational use of inotropes......Page 51
Postoperative cardiac intensive care......Page 53
Preoperative assessment for cardiac surgery......Page 55
Principles of cardiac anaesthesia......Page 57
Respiratory management following cardiac surgery......Page 60
Clinical Anaesthesia......Page 61
Airway control......Page 62
Anaesthesia for laporoscopic surgery......Page 65
Anaesthesia for reconstructive free flap surgery......Page 66
The anaesthesic machine......Page 68
Artificial ventilation in the operating theatre......Page 70
Breathing systems......Page 74
Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of equipment......Page 77
Critical incidents: the cardiovascular system......Page 79
Critical incidents: the respiratory system......Page 82
Electrical hazards, their causes and prevention......Page 86
Fires and explosions......Page 88
Induction of anaesthesia......Page 90
Induction of anaesthesia in special circumstances......Page 93
Maintenance of anaesthesia......Page 95
Medical gas storage, suction devices and humidifiers......Page 98
Medical gases and their delivery......Page 101
Perioperative fluids......Page 103
Positioning the surgical patient......Page 105
Premedication......Page 107
Principles of anaesthetic vaporizers......Page 109
Recognition and management of anaphylatic and anaphylactoid reactions......Page 112
Recognition of correct placement of tracheal tubs......Page 114
Regurgitation, vomiting and aspiration......Page 116
Surgical diathermy: mechanisms, use and abuse......Page 118
Techniques of cricoid pressure......Page 120
Tracheal intubation: management of difficult and failed intubation......Page 121
Clinical Anaesthesia......Page 124
Airway control......Page 125
Anaesthesia for laporoscopic surgery......Page 128
Anaesthesia for reconstructive free flap surgery......Page 129
The anaesthesic machine......Page 131
Artificial ventilation in the operating theatre......Page 133
Breathing systems......Page 137
Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of equipment......Page 140
Critical incidents: the cardiovascular system......Page 142
Critical incidents: the respiratory system......Page 145
Electrical hazards, their causes and prevention......Page 149
Fires and explosions......Page 151
Induction of anaesthesia......Page 153
Induction of anaesthesia in special circumstances......Page 156
Maintenance of anaesthesia......Page 158
Medical gas storage, suction devices and humidifiers......Page 161
Medical gases and their delivery......Page 164
Perioperative fluids......Page 166
Positioning the surgical patient......Page 168
Premedication......Page 170
Principles of anaesthetic vaporizers......Page 172
Recognition and management of anaphylatic and anaphylactoid reactions......Page 175
Recognition of correct placement of tracheal tubs......Page 177
Regurgitation, vomiting and aspiration......Page 179
Surgical diathermy: mechanisms, use and abuse......Page 181
Techniques of cricoid pressure......Page 183
Tracheal intubation: management of difficult and failed intubation......Page 184
Clinical Assessment......Page 250
Assessment of gastrointestinal problems......Page 251
Clinical aspects of hepatic problems......Page 253
Laboratory tests in hepatic and renal failure......Page 254
Clinical measurement......Page 256
Cardiac output measurement......Page 257
Measurement of pressure......Page 259
Principles of cardiac pacemakers and defibrilators......Page 261
Principles of pressure transducers, resonance, damping and frequency response......Page 263
Co-morbidity......Page 266
Anaesthesia for the obese patient......Page 267
Hepatitis and HIV infections......Page 269
Pacemakers and anaesthesia......Page 271
Repeat anaesthesia - hepatic injury......Page 272
Day case......Page 273
Assessment of recovery in day surgery......Page 274
Clinical service and audit: working clinical systems......Page 276
Design requirments for day care units......Page 278
General and regional anaesthesia for day case surgery......Page 279
Postoperative analgesia for day case surgery......Page 282
Selection criteria and preoperative evaluation for day surgery......Page 283
Dental/maxillofacial......Page 285
Anaesthesia and dental trauma......Page 286
Anaesthesia for facial trauma......Page 287
Anaesthesia for maxilofacial surgery......Page 290
Blind nasal intubation......Page 292
Difficult airways......Page 293
General anaesthesia for dentisty......Page 294
Ludwig's angina......Page 296
Sedation for dental procedures......Page 298
Special needs patients and dental procedures......Page 300
Endocrinology......Page 302
Anaesthetic management of the diabetic patient......Page 303
Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma......Page 305
ENT/head and neck......Page 308
Airway trauma in ENT......Page 309
Anaesthesia for endoscopic surgery......Page 310
Gas, tubes and flow......Page 313
Obstructive sleep apnoea......Page 315
Percutaneous tracheostomy......Page 317
Transtracheal jet ventilation......Page 319
Ethics......Page 322
Clinical governance......Page 323
Consent: ethical considerations......Page 325
Consent and malpractice litigation......Page 327
Ethics of research......Page 329
Jehovah's Witnesses......Page 331
Transplantation ethics......Page 332
History......Page 334
Chloroform a la reine......Page 335
Curare, and Griffith and Johnson's use in 1974......Page 336
Punch drunk......Page 337
The Royal Humane Society resuscitation guidelines - 1774......Page 340
Informatics......Page 341
Anaesthetic records......Page 342
Clinical service and audit......Page 344
Communication: health records......Page 346
Confidentiality and security of information......Page 348
Databases......Page 350
Knowledge management......Page 352
Secondary uses of clinical information......Page 353
Telemedicine......Page 355
Working clinical systems......Page 356
Intensive care......Page 358
Acid-base and blood gas analysis......Page 359
Acute liver failure......Page 361
Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome......Page 362
Acute pancreatitis......Page 364
Acute renal failure and renal replacement therapy in the ICU......Page 365
Antibiotic prescribing in the ICU......Page 367
Assessment and stabilization of the critically ill patient outside the ICU......Page 369
Brainstem death......Page 371
Cannulation of central veins for resuscitation and monitoring in the ICU......Page 372
Cardiac arrythmias in the critically ill patient......Page 374
Cardiogenic shock and congestive cardiac failure......Page 377
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation......Page 379
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory failure......Page 381
CNS infections in intensive care......Page 383
DIC and other coagulopathies in the ICU......Page 385
Ethical issues in resuscitation......Page 387
Fever in ICU patients......Page 389
Fluid and electrolyte balance in intensive care patients......Page 391
Gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage and ulcer prophylaxis in the ICU......Page 393
Generalized convulsive status epilepticus......Page 395
Immune dysfunction, immunodeficiency and immunotherapy......Page 397
The intensive care management of acute severe asthma......Page 399
Intensive care management of pulmonary embolism......Page 400
Intensive care myopathy and neuropathy......Page 401
Management of the poisoned patient......Page 402
Nosocomial bacterial infections......Page 404
Nutrition in critical illness......Page 406
Organ donation and maintenance of the multiple organ donor......Page 408
Organization of and admission criteria for high dependancy and intensive care units......Page 409
The postoperative patient in the ICU......Page 411
Pain relief in intensive care......Page 413
The role of the tracheostomy in intesive care......Page 415
Secondary transport of the critically ill......Page 417
Sedation and neuromuscular paralysis in the ICU......Page 420
Sepsis......Page 422
Severity of illness scoring systems......Page 424
Ventilatory modes......Page 425
Neurosurgical......Page 427
Acute head injury......Page 428
Anaesthesia and the cervical spine......Page 431
Anaesthesia for posterior fossa surgery......Page 432
Anaesthesia for supratentorial craniotomy......Page 434
Anaesthesia for imaging relevant to the CNS......Page 436
Applied cerebrovascular physiology......Page 438
Clinical neuroprotection......Page 441
Critical care management of head injury......Page 443
General principles of neurosurgical postoperative care......Page 445
Neuromonitoring......Page 447
Neuromuscular disorders......Page 449
Neurovascular anaesthesia and the management of ischaemic stroke......Page 451
Preoperative assessment of the patient with neurological disease......Page 454
Secondary neuronal injury mechanisms......Page 458
Obstetrics......Page 460
Anaesthesia for operative obstetrics......Page 461
Anaesthetic management of labour......Page 464
Anatomy of the uterus......Page 465
Antenatal assessment of the pregnant mother......Page 466
Assessing the fetus......Page 468
Ethical issues in obstetric analgesia......Page 469
Failed intubation in obstetrics......Page 470
Maternal analgesia, anaesthesia and the fetus......Page 472
Medical diseases complicating pregnancy......Page 475
Medico-legal aspects of obstetric anaesthesia......Page 478
Obstetric emergencies......Page 479
Pain relief in labour: alternative techniques......Page 482
Pain relief in labour: regional, epidural and patient-controlled epidural analgesia......Page 484
Physiology of pregnancy......Page 486
Post-dural puncture headache in obstetrics......Page 488
Postoperative pain management in obstetrics......Page 490
Pre-eclampsia and the HELLP syndrome......Page 491
Regional anaesthesia, anticoagulation and antithrombosis......Page 493
Social problems in pregnancy......Page 494
Ophthalmology......Page 495
Anaesthesia for eye surgery in paediatrics......Page 496
Care of the eye during anaesthesia......Page 498
Eye signs in anaesthesia and intensive care......Page 499
General anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery......Page 500
Local anaesthesia for ocular surgery......Page 502
Ophthalmology and anaesthesia......Page 504
Orthopaedics......Page 506
Anaesthesia for joint replacement surgery......Page 507
Procedures under tourniquet......Page 509
Local anaesthetic blocks in ambulatory orthopaedic surgery......Page 514
Acute and chronic airway obstruction......Page 516
Anaesthesia for ENT surgery......Page 520
Assessment of pain in children......Page 521
Central blocks in children......Page 522
The child with associated medical disease......Page 524
Cleft lip and palate......Page 527
Common local anaesthetic techniques in children......Page 528
Congenital heart disease......Page 531
Equipment for paediatric anaesthesia......Page 533
Fluid and electrolyte balance for children......Page 536
Cardiorespiratory arrest......Page 539
Intraosseous cannulation......Page 541
The law and ethics of consent and research in children......Page 542
Managing the difficult airway......Page 544
Monitoring during paediatric anaesthesia......Page 546
Preoperative assessment and preparation......Page 548
Principles of anaesthesia for common elective and emergency operations in children......Page 550
Principles of day surgery in children......Page 554
Managing trauma......Page 556
Special considerations in paediatric intensive care......Page 559
Stabilization and transport of critically ill children......Page 562
Systemic analgesics in children......Page 565
Neonatal......Page 567
Anatomical and physiological development: from the fetus through childhood......Page 568
Anaesthesia for specialist surgery in infancy......Page 572
Managing pain in babies......Page 578
Principles of anaesthesia for babies......Page 580
Resuscitation of the newborn......Page 583
Special considerations for anaesthesia in the premature baby......Page 586
Perioperative care......Page 627
Adverse sequelae of spinal anaesthesia and management of postspinal headache......Page 628
Care of the postoperative unconscious patient......Page 630
Causes and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting......Page 632
Diagnosis and treatment in the recovery room......Page 633
Managing postoperative pain relief......Page 635
Postoperative fluid therapy......Page 637
Postoperative pulmonary atelectasis......Page 638
Prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism......Page 639
The recovery room......Page 640
Pharmacology......Page 642
Antiarrhythmic drugs; antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy......Page 643
Antocoagulants and the management of coagulpathy......Page 646
Antidepressants, antipsychotics and anticonvulsants......Page 648
Anxiolytics and hypnotics......Page 651
Body compartments and drug distribution......Page 653
Bonding, binding and isomerism......Page 655
CNS stimulants......Page 657
Drug targets......Page 659
Drugs and the liver......Page 661
Drugs for muscle and joint disease......Page 663
Enzyme inducers and inhibitors: addition, subtraction and synergism......Page 664
Enzymes......Page 665
Factors affecting drug absorption and distribution......Page 666
Gastric disorders......Page 668
Histamine and antihistamines......Page 670
Inhalation anaesthetics......Page 672
Intravenous induction agents......Page 674
Ion channels......Page 676
Local anaesthetic agents......Page 677
Major trauma and exsanguination......Page 679
Malignant hyperthermia......Page 680
Mechanisms of drug action not involving protein binding......Page 682
Mechanisms of drug interactions......Page 683
Membranes: action of gases and vapours......Page 685
Methodology of clinical trials......Page 687
Modes of drug elimination......Page 688
Neuromuscular blocking agents......Page 690
Non-opioid analgesics......Page 692
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs......Page 695
Opioid mechanisms and opioid drugs......Page 697
Other targets for analgesic drugs......Page 700
Overview of hormone therapy......Page 703
Overview of pharmacokinetics......Page 705
Pharmacodynamics: concentration-response relationship and hysteresis......Page 707
Pharmacogenetics: familial variation in durg response......Page 708
Pharmacokinetic analysis......Page 709
Pharmacokinetic variation......Page 711
Pharmacological control of blood sugar......Page 713
Pharmacological effects of drug degradation products......Page 715
Pharmacological modulation of myocardial function, vascular resistance and blood pressure......Page 716
Pharmacological treatment of respiratory tract infections......Page 719
Pituitary, adrenal and thyroid dysfunction......Page 722
Plasma expanders......Page 724
Premedication......Page 725
Receptors, agonists and antagonists......Page 727
Regulation of drug licensing......Page 729
Supplementary drugs in anaesthesia......Page 730
Therapeutic problems of solid organ transplantation......Page 732
Physics......Page 734
Amplifiers and biological signals......Page 735
Anaesthesia monitoring techniques......Page 737
Basic measurement concepts......Page 739
Basic principles of lasers......Page 740
Common errors in clinical measurement......Page 741
Electricity and magnetism......Page 743
Force, mass and acceleration......Page 744
Heat and thermodynamics......Page 745
Mathematical concepts......Page 746
Measurement of gas concentrations......Page 748
Measurement of pCO2, pO2, pH, pulse oximetry and capnography......Page 750
Measurement of temperature......Page 752
Measurement of volume and flow in gases......Page 754
Monitoring arterial pressure......Page 756
Monitoring central venous pressure......Page 757
Physical principles of defribillators......Page 758
Physics of gases......Page 760
Processing, storage and display of physiological measurements......Page 762
SI units: fundamental and derived......Page 763
Thermal energy and states of matter......Page 764
Physiology......Page 765
Acid-base balance: maintenance of plasma pH......Page 766
Action potential: generation and propogation......Page 768
Adrenocortical hormones......Page 770
Applied cadiovascular physiology......Page 772
Blood cells, haemoglobin, haemostasis and coagulation......Page 774
Body temperature and its regulation......Page 777
Capillary dynamics and interstitial fluid lymphatic......Page 779
Cell biology and gene expression......Page 781
Cell membrane and receptors......Page 783
Characteristics of special circulations......Page 785
Digestive functions......Page 787
Gastrointestinal secretions and vomiting......Page 788
Gut motility, sphincters and reflex control......Page 790
Hormonal control of metabolism: regulation of plasma glucose......Page 791
Hypothalamic and pituitary function......Page 793
The immune system......Page 794
Immunological response to infection: inflammatory and adaptive immune response......Page 795
Immunology of transplantation......Page 797
Inflammatory response: vascular enothelium......Page 798
Intermediary metabolism......Page 800
Ions......Page 802
Macronutrients, minerals, vitamins and energy......Page 804
Muscle......Page 807
Neurological and humoral control or blood pressure......Page 809
Organization of the body; control of the internal environment......Page 812
Osmolarity and partitioning of fluids......Page 814
Pain, spinal cord and sense......Page 816
Pancreas......Page 819
Physiology of ageing......Page 821
Principles of control mechanisms......Page 822
Protective mechanisms of the body......Page 824
Starvation, exercise, injury and obesity......Page 826
Thyroid and parathyroid hormones and calcium homeostasis......Page 829
Cardiac physiology......Page 830
The electrocardiogram......Page 831
Electromechanical coupling of force of cardiac contraction......Page 833
Initiation and regulation of the heart beat......Page 834
Mechanical events and the pressure-volume relationship......Page 836
Myocardial action potential......Page 838
Kidney......Page 840
Function of the nephron in the formation of urine......Page 841
Micturition......Page 844
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance......Page 846
Renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and plasma clearance......Page 850
Role of the kidney in acid-base balance......Page 852
Liver......Page 853
Functional anatomy and blood supply......Page 854
Metabolic functions......Page 855
Nerves and CNS......Page 857
The brain: functional divisions......Page 858
Cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure......Page 860
Nerve cell dunction and synaptic mechanisms......Page 862
Neuromuscular function and transmission......Page 864
Neural reflexes......Page 866
Physiology of pregnancy......Page 869
Uterine physiology......Page 870
Respiratory physiology......Page 874
Applied respiratory physiology......Page 875
Barmetric pressure: extremes and challenges......Page 877
Fluid balance and non-respiratory functions of the lung......Page 879
Measurement of respiratory function: ventilation......Page 880
Measurement of respiratory function: gas exchange......Page 882
Respiration: control of ventilation......Page 884
Respiration: gas transfer......Page 886
Respiration: ventilation......Page 888
Regional anaesthesia......Page 890
Choice of agents, additives, systemic effects and toxicity......Page 891
Physiology and pharmacology......Page 894
Recognition and management of adverse effects......Page 896
Renal......Page 898
Clinical assessment of renal problems......Page 899
Fluid and electrolyte problems......Page 901
Laboratory tests of renal function......Page 903
Renal failure and its treatment......Page 905
Statistics......Page 908
Part 1......Page 909
Part 2......Page 912
Technical skills......Page 914
Caudal block......Page 915
Extradural anatomy and anaesthetic techniques......Page 916
Insertion of chest tube to drain pneumothorax......Page 918
Intravenous regional anaesthesia......Page 920
Local anaesthesia for awake tracheal intubation......Page 921
Lower limb nerve blocks......Page 922
Tests of pulmonary function......Page 924
Principles of intravenous drug administration......Page 926
Spinal anaesthesia......Page 928
Spinal anaesthesia and spinal cord trauma......Page 930
Upper limb nerve blocks......Page 933
Thoracic......Page 936
Anaesthesia for bronchoscopy, tracheal and airway surgery......Page 937
Anaesthetic equipment for thoracic surgery......Page 939
Interpreting the chest radiograph......Page 941
Pathophysiology of respoiratory disease and its significance to anaesthesia......Page 944
Post-thoractomy analgesia......Page 946
Preoperative assessment for thoracic anaesthesia......Page 947
Principles and practice of thoracic anaesthesia......Page 949
Radiographic appearance of lobar collapse......Page 952
Respiratory emergencies......Page 954
Respiratory system: applied pharmacology......Page 956
Transplantation......Page 958
Allergic reactions in the perioperative period......Page 959
Anaesthetic management of the transplant patient......Page 961
Anaesthetic problems in renal transplantation......Page 963
Inflammation: cellular response and cytokine production......Page 965
Principles and complications of immunosuppression......Page 967
Trauma......Page 969
Assessment and management of adult trauma patients......Page 970
Burns and smoke inhalation......Page 971
Chest injuries......Page 973
Hormonal and metabolic responses to trauma......Page 974
Hypovolaemic shock......Page 976
Major incident management outside hospital......Page 978
Managing airway in trauma patients......Page 979
Near drowning and hypothermia......Page 980
Spinal cord injury......Page 981
Anaesthesia for abdominal vascular surgery......Page 983
Anaesthesia for patients with haemoglobinopathies......Page 985
Anaesthesia for vascular surgery on extremities......Page 986
Anaesthetic techniques for carotid surgery......Page 988
Blood groups, cross-matching and haemovigilance......Page 990
Coagulopathies......Page 991
Management of vascular emergencies......Page 992
Postoperative care and pain relief in vascular surgery......Page 994
Preoperative assessment of vascular patients......Page 996